CAPITVLVM TERTIVM DECIMVM CAP.XIII 第十三讲 ●完成时分词：目的分词词千+us-a-um ● 分词与逻辑主语 ●独立夺格 ● 不规则动词(4)：eo,ire,ii(ivi),itum(togo ● 课文Paulus et Lucia(XIII) Part 1语法 一 完成时分词 1构成 完成时分词由动词第四种基本形式“目的分词”构成，即：目的分词词千+us-a-um. 例如在armo,amare,.amavi,.amatum四种基本形式中，amatum就是“目的分词”，它的词干是 amat-,由此构成“完成时分词”：amat-s,amat-a,amat-wm.其中，-us用于阳性名词，-a用于 阴性名词，-um用于中性名词。 完成时分词是一种“三尾”形容词，变格与“三尾”形容词相同。也需要与被修饰的名 词在性、数、格上保持一致。 2用法 (1)完成时分词通常表示“被动”，而现在时分词则表示主动 Mulus desideratus the longed-for mule Mulus desiderans the mule,longing for (desidero,desiderare,disideravi,desideratum 1 Unguenta desiderata the desired perfumes Libri desiderati the desired books (2)完成时分词与esse的“现在系sum”连用，表示具有被动意义的完成时，例如： Paulus ad oppidum missus est.Paul was sent to the town. mitto,mittere,misi,missum 3:missus-a-um Ancillae numquam laudatae sunt.The maids were never praised. laudo,laudare,laudavi,laudatum 1:laudatus-a-um 注意：虽然完成时分词与est、sunt连用，但却表示“过去”，故翻译成英语时要用was,were。 (3)完成时分词有时可以省略essc。如 Ungenta a coquo desiderata,sed a mulo portata sunt.The perfumes (were)desired by the cook,but were carried by the mule. 二分词与逻辑主语 分词变格要和逻辑主语一致，可分为以下情形：
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM DECIMVM CAP.XIII 第十三讲 完成时分词：目的分词词干+ us-a-um 分词与逻辑主语 独立夺格 不规则动词(4)：eo,ire,ii(ivi),itum(to go) 课文 Paulus et Lucia(XIII) Part 1 语法 一 完成时分词 1 构成 完成时分词由动词第四种基本形式“目的分词”构成，即：目的分词词干+us-a-um. 例如在 armo, amare, amavi, amatum 四种基本形式中, amatum 就是“目的分词”，它的词干是 amat-,由此构成“完成时分词”：amat-us, amat-a, amat-um. 其中，-us 用于阳性名词, -a 用于 阴性名词，-um 用于中性名词。 完成时分词是一种“三尾”形容词，变格与“三尾”形容词相同。也需要与被修饰的名 词在性、数、格上保持一致。 2 用法 （1）完成时分词通常表示“被动”，而现在时分词则表示主动 Mulus desideratus the longed-for mule Mulus desiderans the mule, longing for (desidero, desiderare, disideravi, desideratum 1 ) Unguenta desiderata the desired perfumes Libri desiderati the desired books （2）完成时分词与 esse 的“现在系 sum”连用，表示具有被动意义的完成时，例如： Paulus ad oppidum missus est. Paul was sent to the town. mitto, mittere, misi, missum 3: missus-a-um Ancillae numquam laudatae sunt. The maids were never praised. laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum 1: laudatus-a-um 注意；虽然完成时分词与 est、sunt 连用，但却表示“过去”，故翻译成英语时要用 was, were。 （3）完成时分词有时可以省略 esse。如 Ungenta a coquo desiderata, sed a mulo portata sunt. The perfumes (were) desired by the cook, but were carried by the mule. 二 分词与逻辑主语 分词变格要和逻辑主语一致，可分为以下情形：
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM DECIMVM CAP.XIII 1分词的逻辑主语为主语 例句 losephus et Maria a tabernis reiecti stabulum inveniunt.Joseph and Mary,(having been) rejected by the inns,find a stable.(taberna-ae f.inn. 分词reiecti描述的动作在主要动词inveniunt己完成。其动作的逻辑主语是iosephus et maria,故用复数属格i,描述的动作在主要动词inveniunt前已完成，并且是被动的，故 用完成时分词。 2分词的逻辑主语为宾语 例句 Multos in agris laborantes spectanbat.He watched many(people)working in the fields. Multos为multus m.的复数宾格，laborantes的逻辑主语是multus,故用现在分词laborans 的复数宾格laborans>laborantis>laborantes 3分词的逻辑主语为间接宾语 例句 Paulus visum ad stagum mulum flectebat.Paul turned the mule towards a pool having-been-seen.(flecto,flectere,flexi,flexum bend,curve,bow;turn) Visum的逻辑主语是stagum,stagum在句中作介词ad宾语。 三独立夺格Ablative Absolute 1独立夺格的结构 类似于英语的独立主格结构，拉丁语的独立夺格由一个独立的名词和一个分词（或形容 词)构成，两者均为夺格(abl.),与主句之间常常有逗号隔开。描述主句发生的背景情况。 例句： Roma visa,viri gaudebant.(Roma,-ae [f].Roma,abl.;video,videre,vidi,visus-a-um) Roma是阴性夺格名词，visa是夺格分词（被动态完成时分词vis-luS--um的夺格，因 为roma为阴性，故选用visal)。合起来就是：Rome having been seen,.people are gald. 注意：独立夺格是一个自足的整体，其中的任何词都不构成主句的成分。这与现在分词 修饰成分很不一样。对照的例子： Romam videntes,virT gaudebant. 在这句话里，Romam是一个宾语，而videntes是现在时主动态分词宾格(videre>videns>: videntis>videntes)。因此，videntes的主语是后面的viri。也就是说，该分词成分（带宾语 Romam)是修饰主语的。因此不是独立主格结构。此句翻译成：With seeing the Roma,,people are gald. 2独立夺格的翻译 独立夺格结构直译比较生硬，英译时可翻成从句，例如用when,with,since,.although等引 导。 Monachi Theodoro sepulto in monasterium revenerunt. The monks,with Theodorus having been buried,came back into the monastery. 或者after buring Theodorus,the monks,. Visis mulis aliis,mulus Pauli rudere incepit. With other mules having been seen,Paul's mule began to bray
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM DECIMVM CAP.XIII 1 分词的逻辑主语为主语 例句 Iosephus et Maria a tabernis reiecti stabulum inveniunt. Joseph and Mary, (having been) rejected by the inns, find a stable.（taberna-ae f. inn. ） 分词 reiecti 描述的动作在主要动词 inveniunt 已完成。其动作的逻辑主语是 iosephus et maria，故用复数属格 i, 描述的动作在主要动词 inveniunt 前已完成，并且是被动的，故 用完成时分词。 2 分词的逻辑主语为宾语 例句 Multos in agris laborantes spectanbat. He watched many(people) working in the fields. Multos 为 multus m.的复数宾格，laborantes 的逻辑主语是 multus，故用现在分词 laborans 的复数宾格 laborans> laborantis> laborantes 3 分词的逻辑主语为间接宾语 例句 Paulus visum ad stagum mulum flectebat. Paul turned the mule towards a pool having-been-seen. （flecto, flectere, flexi, flexum ：bend, curve, bow; turn） Visum 的逻辑主语是 stagum，stagum 在句中作介词 ad 宾语。 三 独立夺格 Ablative Absolute 1 独立夺格的结构 类似于英语的独立主格结构，拉丁语的独立夺格由一个独立的名词和一个分词（或形容 词）构成，两者均为夺格（abl.），与主句之间常常有逗号隔开。描述主句发生的背景情况。 例句： Rōmā vīsā, virī gaudēbant. ( Roma,-ae [f]. Roma, abl. ; video, videre, vidi, visus-a-um) Rōmā 是阴性夺格名词，vīsā 是夺格分词（被动态完成时分词 vis-us-a-um 的夺格，因 为 roma 为阴性，故选用 visa！）。合起来就是：Rome having been seen, people are gald. 注意：独立夺格是一个自足的整体，其中的任何词都不构成主句的成分。这与现在分词 修饰成分很不一样。对照的例子： Rōmam videntēs, virī gaudēbant. 在这句话里，Rōmam 是一个宾语，而 videntēs 是现在时主动态分词宾格（videre>videns> videntis>videntes）。因此,videntēs 的主语是后面的 virī。也就是说，该分词成分（带宾语 Rōmam）是修饰主语的。因此不是独立主格结构。此句翻译成：With seeing the Roma, people are gald. 2 独立夺格的翻译 独立夺格结构直译比较生硬，英译时可翻成从句，例如用 when, with, since, although 等引 导。 Monachi Theodoro sepulto in monasterium revenerunt. The monks, with Theodorus having been buried, came back into the monastery. 或者 after buring Theodorus, the monks,… Visis mulis aliis, mulus Pauli rudere incepit. With other mules having been seen, Paul’s mule began to bray
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM DECIMVM CAP.XIII 或者：Upon seeing other mules. Vere veniente monachui inagros redierunt. With spring coming,the monks returned to the fields. 或者：at the arrival of spring… 3独立夺格的词序： 独立夺格结构的次序通常是名词在前，分词在后。若有其它成分则放在名词一分词之间。 有时候两个夺格名词，或者一个夺格名词加一个夺格形容词，也可以构成独立夺格结构。在 这种情况下其实省略了sum的现在时分词（在古典拉丁文中无此形式）。例如： Caesare duce,nihil timebimus.(n.+n.) Caesar being the commander/under Caesar's command/with Caesar in command/ since(when,fetc.Caesar is the commander,we will fear nothing.凯撤为首领，我们将无畏。 dux,ducis 3 duce abl.) Caesare incerto,bellum timebamus.(n.+adj.) Since Caesar was uncertain/with Caesar uncertain,we were afraid of war..凯撒犹豫不决，我 们害怕战争。incertus-.a-umad.uncertain) 注意：现在分词独立夺格的词尾-ente,而不是cnti;这与现在分词作为形容词变格不同 (见prud-ens变格表，教材pl05) 独立夺格是拉丁语现在形动词及完成形动词的最普通的用法之一，常用来代替时间、原因、 条件、让步等状语从句。再举数例如下： 1 Magistro docente,.discipuli audiunt.老师教的时候，学生们听。独立夺格magistro docente =Cum magister docet. 2 Oculis clausis,nihil videmus.当（因为/如果）眼睛闭上，我们将什么也看不见。 独立夺格oculis clausis可根据上下文情况分别相当于时间、原因、条件等状语从句： Postquam/quia/si oculi clusi sunt,nihil videmus. 3 Te duce,hostes vincemus。有你作为我们的指挥官，我们将战胜敌人。 本课中的例子： Vere tamen veniente.n+pre.ppl (A)However as spring approached aestate adveniente.(B)n+pre.ppl With the coming of summer die aestuoso.(B)n+adj.With the day (being)hot 四不规则动词：Eo,ire,ii-togo Indicative Present Active 现在时未完成时 将来时 完成时 过去完成时 将来完成时 1 eo ibam ibo iⅱ ieram iero 2 is ibas ibis isti ieras ieris 3 it ibat ibit iit ierat ierit 1 imus ibamus ibimus iimus ieramus ierimus 2 itis ibatis ibitis isits ieratis ieritis 3 eunt ibant ibunt ierunt ierant ierint
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM DECIMVM CAP.XIII 或者：Upon seeing other mules… Vere veniente monachui inagros redierunt. With spring coming, the monks returned to the fields. 或者： at the arrival of spring… 3 独立夺格的词序： 独立夺格结构的次序通常是名词在前，分词在后。若有其它成分则放在名词—分词之间。 有时候两个夺格名词，或者一个夺格名词加一个夺格形容词，也可以构成独立夺格结构。在 这种情况下其实省略了 sum 的现在时分词（在古典拉丁文中无此形式）。例如： Caesare duce, nihil timēbimus. (n.+n.) Caesar being the commander/ under Caesar’s command/ with Caesar in command/ since(when, if etc.) Caesar is the commander, we will fear nothing.凯撒为首领，我们将无畏。 dux,ducis 3 duce abl.) Caesare incertō, bellum timēbāmus.（n.+adj.） Since Caesar was uncertain/with Caesar uncertain, we were afraid of war.凯撒犹豫不决，我 们害怕战争。incertus-a-um adj.uncertain） 注意：现在分词独立夺格的词尾-ente, 而不是 enti；这与现在分词作为形容词变格不同 （见 prud-ens 变格表，教材 p105） 独立夺格是拉丁语现在形动词及完成形动词的最普通的用法之一，常用来代替时间、原因、 条件、让步等状语从句。再举数例如下： 1 Magistro docente, discipuli audiunt. 老师教的时候，学生们听。独立夺格 magistro docente =Cum magister docet. 2 Oculis clausis, nihil videmus. 当（因为/如果）眼睛闭上，我们将什么也看不见。 独立夺格 oculis clausis 可根据上下文情况分别相当于时间、原因、条件等状语从句： Postquam/ quia/ si oculi clusi sunt, nihil videmus. 3 Te duce, hostes vincemus。 有你作为我们的指挥官，我们将战胜敌人。 本课中的例子： Vere tamen veniente. n+pre.ppl （A） However as spring approached aestate adveniente. （B） n+pre.ppl With the coming of summer die aestuoso. （B） n + adj. With the day (being) hot 四 不规则动词：Eo, ire, ii --to go Indicative Present Active 现在时 未完成时 将来时 完成时 过去完成时 将来完成时 1 eo ibam ibo ii ieram iero 2 is ibas ibis isti ieras ieris 3 it ibat ibit iit ierat ierit 1 imus ibamus ibimus iimus ieramus ierimus 2 itis ibatis ibitis isits ieratis ieritis 3 eunt ibant ibunt ierunt ierant ierint
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM DECIMVM CAP.XIII Subjunctive 1 eam irem ierim issem 2 eas ires ieris Isses 3 eat iret ierit isset 1 eamus iremus ierimus issemus 2eatis iretis leritis issetis 3 eant irent ierint issent Imperative sg:i; pl: ite Infinitives Infinitive Present: ire Infinitive Perfect: isse Infinitive Future: iturus esse Participles Participle Present: iens,euntis Future Participle iturus-a-um Gerund and Supine Gerund:eundi,eundo,eundum,eundo Supine: itum,itu Part 2 Paulus et Lucia(XIII) Natalis Christi dies Menses lente transibant.Hiems erat severissima et frigus monasterium invadit.Paulus Luciam videre solam non poterat,quod virgo semper cum matre ambulabat aut in ecclesia orabat.Infelix per longas gelidasque noctes per fenestram stellas spectans in cella iacebat. Mox natalis Christi dies a monachis celebratus est.Karolus et Egberta et Lucia ad missas audiendas advenerunt et postea domum cum episcopo abbatissaque discesserunt.In monasterio Augustinus ceterique discipuli fabulam agebant:Iosephus et Maria a tabernis reiecti stabulum inveniunt.Omnes monachi ab Augustini fabula sunt exhilarati praeter abbatem qui eam iocosiorem vocabat.Multae vini amphorae exhaustae,multi anseres devorati sunt.Sic paucos dies omnes curae sublatae sunt. Per multos menses monachi anxii fuerant,populus incertus.Media in hieme plurimi Danos propter frigus atque mare turbulentum non exspectabant;itaque res suas apud se tenebant.Vere tamen veniente res bovesque in monasterium adductae sunt.Primo thesaurus in ecclesia modicus erat quod exiguae pauperibus servisque res.Sed post paucos dies fictilia,fibulae,scuta,lintea et cetera in ecclesiam tradita sunt;thesaurus
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM DECIMVM CAP.XIII Subjunctive 1 eam irem / ierim issem / 2 eas ires / ieris isses / 3 eat iret / ierit isset / 1 eamus iremus / ierimus issemus / 2 eatis iretis / ieritis issetis / 3 eant irent / ierint issent / Imperative sg : i ; pl: ite Infinitives Infinitive Present: ire Infinitive Perfect: isse Infinitive Future: iturus esse Participles Participle Present: iens, euntis Future Participle : iturus-a-um Gerund and Supine Gerund: eundi, eundo, eundum, eundo Supine: itum, itu Part 2 Paulus et Lucia (XIII) Natalis Christi dies Menses lente transibant. Hiems erat severissima et frigus monasterium invadit. Paulus Luciam videre solam non poterat, quod virgo semper cum matre ambulabat aut in ecclesia orabat. Infelix per longas gelidasque noctes per fenestram stellas spectans in cella iacebat. Mox natalis Christi dies a monachis celebratus est. Karolus et Egberta et Lucia ad missas audiendas advenerunt et postea domum cum episcopo abbatissaque discesserunt. In monasterio Augustinus ceterique discipuli fabulam agebant: Iosephus et Maria a tabernis reiecti stabulum inveniunt. Omnes monachi ab Augustini fabula sunt exhilarati praeter abbatem qui eam iocosiorem vocabat. Multae vini amphorae exhaustae, multi anseres devorati sunt. Sic paucos dies omnes curae sublatae sunt. Per multos menses monachi anxii fuerant, populus incertus. Media in hieme plurimi Danos propter frigus atque mare turbulentum non exspectabant; itaque res suas apud se tenebant. Vere tamen veniente res bovesque in monasterium adductae sunt. Primo thesaurus in ecclesia modicus erat quod exiguae pauperibus servisque res. Sed post paucos dies fictilia, fibulae, scuta, lintea et cetera in ecclesiam tradita sunt; thesaurus
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM DECIMVM CAP.XIII igitur gradatim crescebat. 注：课文中黑体单词为现在分词、完成时分词或将来被动形动词，请仔细辨识。 Vocabula nova adduco-ere-xi-ductum bring iocosiorem too flippant轻率，无礼 advenerunt perf.3 pl. iocosus-a-um,joke,humorous advenio-ire,adveni,adventum 4 incertus-a-um uncertain:usure.doubiful anser-is [m]goose invadit invado-ere,invasi,invasum 3: anxii anxius-a-um anxious to assail.invade apud se at their homes linteum-i [n]linen cloth apud (prep.acc.)among.in the presence of. mare-is [n]sea at,at the house of. medius-a-um mid-,middle of aspicio-ere look at mensis-is [m]month atque and modicus-a-um modest.small aut or natalis dies [m]birthday celebro-are 1 celebrate natal adj.出生的，诞生的 cella-ae [f]cell.room pauper-is m]pauper Christus-i Christ a pauper school贫民学校 cresco-ere grow plurimi most people crescive adj..成长的，增加的 plurimus,plurimi 2 m discesserunt perf 3 pl postea afterwards discedo-ere-essi-essum 3 depart populus-i,people domum homewards primo adv at first domus house,home,residence. propter because of exhaurio-ire-ivi,exhaustum drain.empty reicio-ere-eci-ectum reject,refuse exhaus1t.用尽，耗尽，抽完，使精疲力尽； scutum-i [n]shield exhilaro-are 1 cheer scutum n.长形盾，鳞甲 exhilarate vt.使高兴，使愉快 severissimus-a-um very severe.hard exiguus-a-um scant.bare servus-i 2 slave:servant exiguous adj.稀少的，细小的 stabulum-i [n]stable fibula-ae [f]brooch stella-ae [f]star fibulae n.搭扣，扣针 sublatae sunt were raised.lifted fictilia-ium [n]earthenware sublatus-a-um fictile adj塑造的，陶士制的，n.陶制品 tollo,tollere,sustuli,sublatum 3 lift,raise felix felicis lucky,fortunate,happy suus-a-um their/his/her own infelix unhappy taberna-ae [f]inn frigus-oris [n]chill,cold: frig n.冰箱 thesaurus-i [m]store fuerant (they)had been trado-ere-didi-ditum hand over gelidus-a-um cold transeo-ire pass,go by gelid adj.极冷的：gelidity n.冰冷，极冷，严寒 turbulentum turbulent-us-a-um adj. gradatim gradually violently disturbed,stormy,turbulent: hiems,hiemis [f]winter ver-is [n]spring hiemal climate寒冷气候
CAPITVLVM TERTIVM DECIMVM CAP.XIII igitur gradatim crescebat. 注：课文中黑体单词为现在分词、完成时分词或将来被动形动词，请仔细辨识。 Vocabula nova adduco-ere-xi-ductum bring advenerunt perf.3 pl. advenio-ire, adveni, adventum 4 anser-is [m] goose anxii anxius-a-um anxious apud se at their homes apud : (prep. + acc.) among, in the presence of, at, at the house of. aspicio-ere look at atque and aut or celebro-are 1 celebrate cella-ae [f] cell, room Christus-i Christ cresco-ere grow crescive adj. 成长的, 增加的 discesserunt perf. 3 pl discedo-ere-essi-essum 3 depart domum homewards domus : house, home, residence. exhaurio-ire-ivi, exhaustum drain, empty exhaust vt. 用尽, 耗尽, 抽完, 使精疲力尽; exhilaro-are 1 cheer exhilarate vt. 使高兴, 使愉快 exiguus-a-um scant, bare exiguous adj. 稀少的, 细小的 fibula-ae [f] brooch fibulae n. 搭扣, 扣针 fictilia-ium [n] earthenware fictile adj.塑造的, 陶土制的, n.陶制品 felix felicis : lucky, fortunate, happy infelix unhappy frigus-oris [n] chill, cold； frig n. 冰箱 fuerant (they) had been gelidus-a-um cold gelid adj. 极冷的; gelidity n. 冰冷,极冷,严寒 gradatim gradually hiems, hiemis [f] winter hiemal climate 寒冷气候 iocosiorem too flippant 轻率，无礼 iocosus-a-um, joke, humorous incertus-a-um uncertain; unsure, doubtful invadit invado -ere, invasi, invasum 3: to assail, invade linteum-i [n] linen cloth mare-is [n] sea medius-a-um mid-, middle of mensis-is [m] month modicus-a-um modest, small natalis dies [m] birthday natal adj.出生的, 诞生的 pauper-is [m] pauper a pauper school 贫民学校 plurimi most people plurimus, plurimi 2 m postea afterwards populus-i, people primo adv at first propter because of reicio-ere-eci-ectum reject, refuse scutum-i [n] shield scutum n. 长形盾, 鳞甲 severissimus-a-um very severe, hard servus-i 2 slave; servant stabulum-i [n] stable stella-ae [f] star sublatae sunt were raised, lifted sublatus-a-um tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum 3 lift, raise suus-a-um their/his/her own taberna-ae [f] inn thesaurus-i [m] store trado-ere-didi-ditum hand over transeo-ire pass, go by turbulentum turbulent-us-a-um adj. violently disturbed, stormy, turbulent; ver-is [n] spring