TABLEOFCONTENTS (continued)7.5.5.242Shear Strength of Colluvium and Talus7.6.243SHALESANDDEGRADABLE MATERIALS.7.6.1.243IdentificationofDegradableMaterials7.6.2.244Slake Durability Test7.6.3.244Jar Slake Test.7.6.4.245Point-Load Test.7.6.5...245Useof ShaleMaterial..7.7.246CEMENTEDSANDS7.7.1.246Identification of Cemented Sands7.7.2..247Issues Related to SubsurfaceExploration and Testing in Cemented Sands7.7.3.247Interpretation of Laboratory and Field Testing Results in Cemented Sands.7.8..248SENSITIVE CLAYS.7.8.1.248Identification of Sensitive Clays.7.8.2..249Issues Related to Subsurface Exploration and Testing in Sensitive Clays.福7.8.3..250Interpretation of Laboratory and Field Testing Results in Sensitive Soils ....7.9.250PARTIALLLYSATURATEDSOILS7.9.1...250Identification of Partially Saturated Soils7.9.2.251Sampling and Testing Partially Saturated Soils.7.9.3Interpretation of Laboratory and Field Testing Results of Partially Saturated Soils....251..253CHAPTER 8.8.1INTRODUCTION.2538.2RESOLVINGINCONSISTENCIESBETWEENTESTRESULTS..2538.3ESTIMATINGVARIABILITYOFSELECTEDPARAMETERS...2548.4FINALSELECTIONOFDESIGNPARAMETERS255258REFERENCES
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) x 7.5.5 Shear Strength of Colluvium and Talus.242 7.6 SHALES AND DEGRADABLE MATERIALS. 243 7.6.1 Identification of Degradable Materials .243 7.6.2 Slake Durability Test .244 7.6.3 Jar Slake Test .244 7.6.4 Point-Load Test.245 7.6.5 Use of Shale Material.245 7.7 CEMENTED SANDS. 246 7.7.1 Identification of Cemented Sands.246 7.7.2 Issues Related to Subsurface Exploration and Testing in Cemented Sands .247 7.7.3 Interpretation of Laboratory and Field Testing Results in Cemented Sands .247 7.8 SENSITIVE CLAYS. 248 7.8.1 Identification of Sensitive Clays.248 7.8.2 Issues Related to Subsurface Exploration and Testing in Sensitive Clays .249 7.8.3 Interpretation of Laboratory and Field Testing Results in Sensitive Soils .250 7.9 PARTIALLLY SATURATED SOILS . 250 7.9.1 Identification of Partially Saturated Soils .250 7.9.2 Sampling and Testing Partially Saturated Soils.251 7.9.3 Interpretation of Laboratory and Field Testing Results of Partially Saturated Soils.251 CHAPTER 8 . 253 8.1 INTRODUCTION. 253 8.2 RESOLVING INCONSISTENCIES BETWEEN TEST RESULTS . 253 8.3 ESTIMATING VARIABILITY OF SELECTED PARAMETERS. 254 8.4 FINAL SELECTION OF DESIGN PARAMETERS . 255 REFERENCES. 258
TABLEOFCONTENTS(continued)APPENDIXASOILANDROCKPROPERTYSELECTIONEXAMPLESExample 1SofttoMediumClayandOverconsolidatedClayCrustExample 2Piedmont Residual Soil, Weathered Rock, And RockExample 3HeavilyOverconsolidatedClaysAPPENDIX BCALCULATIONOFTHECOEFFICIENTOFCONSOLIDATIONFROMLABORATORYDATAAPPENDIXCALTERNATIVEAPPROACHTOEVALUATEHORIZONTALCOEFFICIENTOFCONSOLIDATIONVALUESFROMPIEZOCONEDISSIPATIONTESTSxi
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) xi APPENDIX A SOIL AND ROCK PROPERTY SELECTION EXAMPLES Example 1 Soft to Medium Clay and Overconsolidated Clay Crust Example 2 Piedmont Residual Soil, Weathered Rock, And Rock Example 3 Heavily Overconsolidated Clays APPENDIX B CALCULATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION FROM LABORATORY DATA APPENDIX C ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO EVALUATE HORIZONTAL COEFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION VALUES FROM PIEZOCONE DISSIPATION TESTS
LISTOFTABLESTablePage1Summary of information needs and testing considerations for a range of highway12applications.215Sources of historical site data.3.24Guidelinesforminimumnumberof investigationpoints and depth of investigation427Referencepublicationsonin-situtesting.305(a)Boring methods (modified after Day, 1999).315(b)Rockcoredrillingmethods (modified afterDay,1999)5(c).32Other exploratory techniques (modified afterDay,1999)6(a)Common samplers to collect disturbed soil samples (modified afterNAVFAC).331982)6(b)Specialtysamplerstocollectdisturbedsoilsamples(modifiedafterNAVFAC.341982)7..41Nominally undisturbed soil samplers (modified after NAVFAC, 1982)8..46Factors affecting the SPT and SPT results (after Kulhawy and Mayne, 1990)9.47Corrections tothe SPT (after Skempton, 1986)10.49In-situtestingmethodsused insoils11.66In-situtestingmethodsusedinrock12.70Geophysical testing techniques.13.75Commonsoil laboratorytests.14.76Methods for index testing of soils.15.77Methods for performance testing of soils16.81Sample quality designation system (Lacasse et al., 1985)17...86U.S.standard sieve sizes and corresponding opening dimension.18.99Timetrtoreachfailure(afterHead.1986)19.101Recommended maximumhydraulicgradientfor permeability testing.20.103Commonrocklaboratorytests21103Summary information on rock laboratory test methods22SPT N value soil property correlations for granular soils (after AASHTO, 1988)..11023SPTNvalue soil property correlations for cohesive soils (afterAASHTO,1988)..11024.128Casagrande method to evaluate p25.129Strain-energy method to evaluate o,26.131Summary of correlations for C.(modified after Holtz andKovacs, 1986).27Modified time factors, T*, for analysis of CPTu dissipation data (after Teh and.141Houlsby,1991)...28Elasticconstantsofvarioussoilsbasedonsoiltype(modifiedafterAASHTO.1481996).29ElasticconstantsofvarioussoilsbasedonSPTNvalue(modifiedafterAASHTO.1481996).,30.154Typical values of small-strain shear modulus.31.164Unconfined compressive strength of particles for rockfill grades in figure 73.32Summary of issues relevant to shear strength evaluation in support of the design of.168typical geotechnicalfeatures.....33.180Conventional methods of interpretation for su from in-situ tests.xii
LIST OF TABLES Table Page xii 1 Summary of information needs and testing considerations for a range of highway applications. . 12 2 Sources of historical site data. .15 3 Guidelines for minimum number of investigation points and depth of investigation .24 4 Reference publications on in-situ testing.27 5(a) Boring methods (modified after Day, 1999).30 5(b) Rock core drilling methods (modified after Day, 1999).31 5(c) Other exploratory techniques (modified after Day, 1999).32 6(a) Common samplers to collect disturbed soil samples (modified after NAVFAC, 1982). .33 6(b) Specialty samplers to collect disturbed soil samples (modified after NAVFAC, 1982). .34 7 Nominally undisturbed soil samplers (modified after NAVFAC, 1982).41 8 Factors affecting the SPT and SPT results (after Kulhawy and Mayne, 1990). .46 9 Corrections to the SPT (after Skempton, 1986).47 10 In-situ testing methods used in soils. .49 11 In-situ testing methods used in rock. .66 12 Geophysical testing techniques.70 13 Common soil laboratory tests. .75 14 Methods for index testing of soils.76 15 Methods for performance testing of soils. .77 16 Sample quality designation system (Lacasse et al., 1985).81 17 U.S. standard sieve sizes and corresponding opening dimension.86 18 Time tf to reach failure (after Head, 1986). .99 19 Recommended maximum hydraulic gradient for permeability testing.101 20 Common rock laboratory tests.103 21 Summary information on rock laboratory test methods. .103 22 SPT N value soil property correlations for granular soils (after AASHTO, 1988). .110 23 SPT N value soil property correlations for cohesive soils (after AASHTO, 1988).110 24 Casagrande method to evaluate σp′.128 25 Strain-energy method to evaluate σp′.129 26 Summary of correlations for Cc (modified after Holtz and Kovacs, 1986). .131 27 Modified time factors, T*, for analysis of CPTu dissipation data (after Teh and Houlsby, 1991).141 28 Elastic constants of various soils based on soil type (modified after AASHTO, 1996). .148 29 Elastic constants of various soils based on SPT N value (modified after AASHTO, 1996). .148 30 Typical values of small-strain shear modulus.154 31 Unconfined compressive strength of particles for rockfill grades in figure 73. .164 32 Summary of issues relevant to shear strength evaluation in support of the design of typical geotechnical features.168 33 Conventional methods of interpretation for su from in-situ tests.180
LIST OF TABLES (continued)TablePage34Relationship among relative density, SPT N value, and internal friction angle of.184cohesionless soils (after Meyerhof, 1956).35.193Comparison of hydraulic conductivityfrom empirical and field methods.36.198Descriptionofgeological mappingterms.37.199Rockmaterialstrengths38.199Weatheringgrades39.202Rockquality description based onRQD..20340CSIR classification of jointed rock mass.41.206Typical elastic constants for intact rock (after Wyllie, 1999)42.207Estimation of Em based on RQD (modified after Carter and Kulhawy,1988)43Typical ranges of friction angles for a variety of rock types (after Barton, 1973:.214JaegerandCook,1976)44.220Shearstrengthoffilleddiscontinuities (modifiedafterHoekandBray.1977)45Approximaterelationshipbetweenrock-massqualityandmaterial constantsusedin.225defining nonlinear strength (Hoek and Brown, 1988).46.227Parametersusedtodevelopstrengthenvelopesinfigure10547Summaryof samplingdifficultiesandengineeringcharacteristicsofspecial.229materials....48.233Qualitative assessment of collapsepotential (afterASTMD5333)..49.238Organic soils and peat classification properties (afterLandva et al.,1983)50.245Evaluation of jar slake index, Ij.51Criteria for rockfill materials (after Strohm et al., 1978).24652Values of coefficient of variation, V, for geotechnical properties and in situ tests.256(after Duncan, 2000).A-1.A-1Summary of soil property selection examples.A-2A-7Summary of CPT subsurface profile interpretationA-3A-9Summary ofCPTusubsurface profile interpretationA-4A-15Summary of laboratorytesting on varved clay samples.A-5A-26Parameters used for analysis of dissipation data..A-6A-26Evaluation of ch from CPTu2 dissipation data at 6.68 m.A-7A-26Evaluation of chfrom CPTu2dissipation data at 17.65mA-8A-31Summaryof triaxial test data.A-9.A-37Vane shear data.A-10A-44Index properties of Piedmont soils at the Alabama siteA-11.A-46SummaryofCPTusubsurfaceprofileinterpretationA-12.A-54Summary of oedometer testing on Piedmont residual soilsA-13Testdata and calculated elastic modulus fromMenard PMTdata at theAlabamaA-55site.A-14Testdataandcalculatedunload-reloadelasticmodulusfromfulldisplacementPMTA-56data (C-41) at the Alabama site.A-15A-61Summary of elastic modulus values from various tests.A-16A-63Stress-strain dataforspecimenB2-1-1at 15m.xili
LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table Page xiii 34 Relationship among relative density, SPT N value, and internal friction angle of cohesionless soils (after Meyerhof, 1956). .184 35 Comparison of hydraulic conductivity from empirical and field methods.193 36 Description of geological mapping terms.198 37 Rock material strengths.199 38 Weathering grades .199 39 Rock quality description based on RQD.202 40 CSIR classification of jointed rock mass.203 41 Typical elastic constants for intact rock (after Wyllie, 1999).206 42 Estimation of EM based on RQD (modified after Carter and Kulhawy, 1988).207 43 Typical ranges of friction angles for a variety of rock types (after Barton, 1973; Jaeger and Cook, 1976).214 44 Shear strength of filled discontinuities (modified after Hoek and Bray, 1977).220 45 Approximate relationship between rock-mass quality and material constants used in defining nonlinear strength (Hoek and Brown, 1988). .225 46 Parameters used to develop strength envelopes in figure 105. .227 47 Summary of sampling difficulties and engineering characteristics of special materials.229 48 Qualitative assessment of collapse potential (after ASTM D 5333).233 49 Organic soils and peat classification properties (after Landva et al., 1983).238 50 Evaluation of jar slake index, IJ. .245 51 Criteria for rockfill materials (after Strohm et al., 1978).246 52 Values of coefficient of variation, V, for geotechnical properties and in situ tests (after Duncan, 2000). .256 A-1 Summary of soil property selection examples. A-1 A-2 Summary of CPT subsurface profile interpretation. A-7 A-3 Summary of CPTu subsurface profile interpretation. A-9 A-4 Summary of laboratory testing on varved clay samples. . A-15 A-5 Parameters used for analysis of dissipation data. A-26 A-6 Evaluation of ch from CPTu2 dissipation data at 6.68 m. . A-26 A-7 Evaluation of ch from CPTu2 dissipation data at 17.65 m. . A-26 A-8 Summary of triaxial test data. . A-31 A-9 Vane shear data. A-37 A-10 Index properties of Piedmont soils at the Alabama site. A-44 A-11 Summary of CPTu subsurface profile interpretation. A-46 A-12 Summary of oedometer testing on Piedmont residual soils. A-54 A-13 Test data and calculated elastic modulus from Menard PMT data at the Alabama site. A-55 A-14 Test data and calculated unload-reload elastic modulus from full displacement PMT data (C-41) at the Alabama site. . A-56 A-15 Summary of elastic modulus values from various tests. A-61 A-16 Stress-strain data for specimen B2-1-1 at 15 m. A-63
LIST OF TABLES (continued)TablePageA-17Strength properties from CIUC triaxial tests on Piedmont soils from the Alabama.A-64site...A-18A-75Soil stratigraphyfrom SPTand classificationtestingA-19A-81Summaryofoedometertestingonheavilyoverconsolidatedclays.xiv
LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table Page xiv A-17 Strength properties from CIUC triaxial tests on Piedmont soils from the Alabama site. A-64 A-18 Soil stratigraphy from SPT and classification testing. A-75 A-19 Summary of oedometer testing on heavily overconsolidated clays. A-81