Publication No. FHWA-IF-99-015 JUNE 1999 US. Department of Transportation OFFICE OF BRIDGE TECHNOLOGY Federal Highway Administration 400 SEVENTH STREET, SW WASHINGTON, DC 20590 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CIRCULAR NO. 4 GROUND ANCHORS AND ANCHORED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING CIRCULAR NO. 4. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CIRCULAR NO. 4. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CIRCULAR NO. 4. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CIRCULAR NO. 4. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CIRCULAR NO. 4. GEOTECHNICAL ENC HLAR NO.4·GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CIRCUL ENGINEERING CIRCUILAR NO. 4 GEOTECH 。 4.GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CI NEERING CIRCULAR NO.4. GEOT GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING RING CIRCULAR No.4.GEO STRUCTURAL FOUNDATIONS SOIL & ROCK INSTABILITIES GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 1 Mechanically Stabilized RING CIRCULAR Earth Wall No.4.GEO Ground GEOTECHNICAL Anchors ENGINEERING 00 stone Columns ERING CIRCULAR Roadway. NO.4.GEOTE GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CIR NEERING CIRCULAR NO.4. GEOTECHNIC EARTH RETAINING GROUND MODIFICATION SYSTEMS TECHNIQUES . 4· GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CIRCULAR L ENGINEERING CIRCULAR INO. 4GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CIRCULAR NO. 4. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CIRCULAR NO. 4 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CIRCULAR NO. 4. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CIRCULAR NO. 4 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CIRCULAR NO. 4. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CIRCULAR NO. 4. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CIRCULAR NO. 4. GEOTECHNICAL
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Technical ReportDocumentationPage1. Report No.2.GovernmentAccessionNo3. Recipient's Catalog NoFHWA-IF-99-0154. Title and Subtitle4. Report DateJune 1999GEOTECHNICALENGINEERINGCIRCULARNO.46.Performing Organization CodeGroundAnchorsandAnchoredSystems7. Author(s)8.Performing Organization Report NoP.J. Sabatini, D.G. Pass, R.C. Bachus9. Performing Organization Name and Address10. Work Unit No.(TRAIS)GeoSyntec Consultants1100 Lake Hearn Drive11.ContractorGrantNoDTFH61-94-C-00099Atlanta,Georgia12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address13 Type of Report and Period CoveredOfficeof BridgeTechnologyTechnical ManualFederal Highway AdministrationHIBT,Ro0m 320314. Sponsoring Agency Code400 Seventh Street, S.WWashingtonD.C.2059015. Supplementary NotesContracting Officer's Technical Representative: Chien-Tan Chang (HIBT)FHWATechnical Consultants: JerryDiMaggio (HIBT),Richard Cheney(HIBT)16. Abstract:Thisdocument presents state-of-the-practiceinformation onthedesign and installation ofcementgrouted ground anchors and anchored systems for highway applications.The anchored systemsdiscussed includeflexible anchored walls, slopes supported using ground anchors, landslidestabilization systems, and structures that incorporate tiedown anchors.This document draws extensively from theFHWA-DP-68-IR (1988) design manual in describingissues such as subsurfaceinvestigation and laboratorytesting,basic anchoringprinciples,groundanchorloadtesting,andinspectionofconstructionmaterialsandmethodsusedforanchoredsystemsThis document provides detailed information on design analyses for ground anchored systemsTopics discussed include selection of design earth pressures, ground anchor design, design ofcorrosionprotectionsystemforgroundanchors,designofwall componentstoresistlateral andvertical loads,evaluationofoverallanchoredsystemstability,and seismicdesignofanchoredsystems.Also included in the document are two detailed design examples and technicalspecifications for ground anchors and foranchored walls.18.Distribution Statemen17.Key WordsNoRestrictions.ThisdocumentisavailabletotheGround anchors, soldier beam and laggingpublic from the National Technical Informationwalls,limitequilibrium,earthpressures,axialService, Springfield, Virginia 22161capacity,tiedowns,seismicdesign,contractingspecifications19. Security Classif. (of this report)20. Security Classification (of this page)21. No. of Pages22.Price281UnclassifiedUnclassifiedFormDOTF1700.7 (8-72)Reproductionof completed page authorized
Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. FHWA-IF-99-015 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. 4. Title and Subtitle GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CIRCULAR NO. 4 Ground Anchors and Anchored Systems 4. Report Date June 1999 6. Performing Organization Code: 7. Author(s) P.J. Sabatini, D.G. Pass, R.C. Bachus 8. Performing Organization Report No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address GeoSyntec Consultants 1100 Lake Hearn Drive Atlanta, Georgia 10. Work Unit No.(TRAIS) 11. Contract or Grant No. DTFH61-94-C-00099 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Office of Bridge Technology Federal Highway Administration HIBT, Room 3203 400 Seventh Street, S.W. Washington D.C. 20590 13 Type of Report and Period Covered Technical Manual 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative: Chien-Tan Chang (HIBT) FHWA Technical Consultants: Jerry DiMaggio (HIBT), Richard Cheney (HIBT) 16. Abstract: This document presents state-of-the-practice information on the design and installation of cementgrouted ground anchors and anchored systems for highway applications. The anchored systems discussed include flexible anchored walls, slopes supported using ground anchors, landslide stabilization systems, and structures that incorporate tiedown anchors. This document draws extensively from the FHWA-DP-68-IR (1988) design manual in describing issues such as subsurface investigation and laboratory testing, basic anchoring principles, ground anchor load testing, and inspection of construction materials and methods used for anchored systems. This document provides detailed information on design analyses for ground anchored systems. Topics discussed include selection of design earth pressures, ground anchor design, design of corrosion protection system for ground anchors, design of wall components to resist lateral and vertical loads, evaluation of overall anchored system stability, and seismic design of anchored systems. Also included in the document are two detailed design examples and technical specifications for ground anchors and for anchored walls. 17. Key Words Ground anchors, soldier beam and lagging walls, limit equilibrium, earth pressures, axial capacity, tiedowns, seismic design, contracting, specifications 18. Distribution Statement No Restrictions. This document is available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 19. Security Classif. (of this report) Unclassified 20. Security Classification (of this page) Unclassified 21. No. of Pages 281 22. Price Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors would like to express their appreciation to Mr. Richard S. Cheney, P.E., of the U.S.Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for providing significant technicalassistance and review during preparation of the document.The authors would also like to thank Dr.DonaldA,Bruce, C.Eng of ECO GeoSystems Inc.for providing technical assistance.Dr.Richard Jewell, C.Eng.formerly of GeoSyntec Consultants, assisted in preparing sections of the document and provided technicalassistance.The authors would also like to thank the following individuals who reviewed the document andserved on the Technical Working Group for this project:JamesJ.Brennan,P.E.-KansasDepartment ofTransportation;Chien-Tan Chang,P.E.-FHWA;.Joel Moskowitz,P.E.,of Mueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers-DeepFoundations Institute;Heinz Nierlich of Dywidag-Systems International - Post Tensioning Institute;MontiSingla-FHWA;。JohnP.Tiernan-GeorgiaDepartmentofTransportation;David E.Weatherby of Schnabel Foundation Company-International Association of FoundationDrilling, andShan-Tai Yeh-Colorado Department of Transportation.The authors would also like to acknowledge the following firms and agencies that provided photographs andtechnical information::Dywidag-Systems International;Hayward Baker Inc.;Lang Tendons Inc.;SchnabelFoundationCompany,andWilliamsFormEngineeringCorpFinally,theauthorswouldliketothankMrs.AnnTaylorandMr.MichaelHarrisofGeoSyntecConsultantswho drafted the figures and assisted in the layout of the document
i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to express their appreciation to Mr. Richard S. Cheney, P.E., of the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for providing significant technical assistance and review during preparation of the document. The authors would also like to thank Dr. Donald A. Bruce, C.Eng of ECO GeoSystems Inc. for providing technical assistance. Dr. Richard Jewell, C.Eng, formerly of GeoSyntec Consultants, assisted in preparing sections of the document and provided technical assistance. The authors would also like to thank the following individuals who reviewed the document and served on the Technical Working Group for this project: · James J. Brennan, P.E. – Kansas Department of Transportation; · Chien-Tan Chang, P.E. – FHWA; · Joel Moskowitz, P.E., of Mueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers – Deep Foundations Institute; · Heinz Nierlich of Dywidag-Systems International – Post Tensioning Institute; · Monti Singla - FHWA; · John P. Tiernan – Georgia Department of Transportation; · David E. Weatherby of Schnabel Foundation Company – International Association of Foundation Drilling; and · Shan-Tai Yeh – Colorado Department of Transportation. The authors would also like to acknowledge the following firms and agencies that provided photographs and technical information: · Dywidag-Systems International; · Hayward Baker Inc.; · Lang Tendons Inc.; · Schnabel Foundation Company; and · Williams Form Engineering Corp. Finally, the authors would like to thank Mrs. Ann Taylor and Mr. Michael Harris of GeoSyntec Consultants who drafted the figures and assisted in the layout of the document
PREFACEThis document presents state-of-the-practice information on the design and installation of cement-grouted ground anchors and anchored systems for highway applications.Anchored systemsdiscussed include flexible anchored walls, slopes supported using ground anchors, landslidestabilization systems, and structures that incorporate tiedown anchors.This document has been written, in part, to update the design manual titled "Permanent GroundAnchors" (FHWA-DP-68-1R, 1988).This document draws extensively from the FHWA (1988)design manual in describing issues such as subsurface investigation and laboratory testing, basicanchoring principles, ground anchor load testing,and inspection of construction materials andmethods used for anchored systems.Since 1988, advances have been made in design methods andfromnew constructionmaterials, methods, and equipment.Results of anchored system performancemonitoring and research activities conducted since 1989 arealsoincludedinthis document.Mostrecently,research wasconducted under aFHWAresearchcontract on the design and performance of ground anchors and anchored soldier beam and timberlagging walls. As part of that research project, performance data on model- and full-scale anchoredwalls were collected and analyzed. Several of the analysis methods and design procedures that wererecommended based on the results of the research are adopted herein.This research is described inFHWA-RD-98-065(1998),FHWA-RD-98-066 (1998),FHWA-RD-98-067(1998),and FHWA-RD-97-130 (1998)This document provides detailed information on basic principles and design analyses for groundanchors and anchored systems.Topics discussed include selection of design earth pressures, designofcorrosionprotectionsystemsforgroundanchors,designofwallcomponentstoresistlateralandvertical loads, evaluation of overall anchored system stability, and seismic design of anchoredAlso included in the document are two detailed design examples and technicalsystems.specifications for ground anchors and for anchored walls.i
ii PREFACE This document presents state-of-the-practice information on the design and installation of cementgrouted ground anchors and anchored systems for highway applications. Anchored systems discussed include flexible anchored walls, slopes supported using ground anchors, landslide stabilization systems, and structures that incorporate tiedown anchors. This document has been written, in part, to update the design manual titled "Permanent Ground Anchors" (FHWA-DP-68-1R, 1988). This document draws extensively from the FHWA (1988) design manual in describing issues such as subsurface investigation and laboratory testing, basic anchoring principles, ground anchor load testing, and inspection of construction materials and methods used for anchored systems. Since 1988, advances have been made in design methods and from new construction materials, methods, and equipment. Results of anchored system performance monitoring and research activities conducted since 1989 are also included in this document. Most recently, research was conducted under a FHWA research contract on the design and performance of ground anchors and anchored soldier beam and timber lagging walls. As part of that research project, performance data on model- and full-scale anchored walls were collected and analyzed. Several of the analysis methods and design procedures that were recommended based on the results of the research are adopted herein. This research is described in FHWA-RD-98-065 (1998), FHWA-RD-98-066 (1998), FHWA-RD-98-067 (1998), and FHWA-RD- 97-130 (1998). This document provides detailed information on basic principles and design analyses for ground anchors and anchored systems. Topics discussed include selection of design earth pressures, design of corrosion protection systems for ground anchors, design of wall components to resist lateral and vertical loads, evaluation of overall anchored system stability, and seismic design of anchored systems. Also included in the document are two detailed design examples and technical specifications for ground anchors and for anchored walls
TABLE OFCONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1Purpose1.2AnchoredSystemServiceLife1.3BackgroundCHAPTER2GROUNDANCHORSANDANCHOREDSYSTEMS42.1INTRODUCTION2.2GROUNDANCHORS2.2.1GeneralX2.2.2Types of Ground Anchors62.2.2.16General.2.2.2.2Straight Shaft Gravity-Grouted Ground Anchors.2.2.2.3.8Straight Shaft Pressure-Grouted Ground Anchors2.2.2.4.8Post-grouted Ground Anchors.2.2.2.5Underreamed Anchors..82.2.3Tendon Materials.82.2.3.1.8Steel Bar and Strand Tendons2.2.3.2.9Spacers and Centralizers2.2.3.3Epoxy-Coated Bar and Epoxy-Coated Filled Strand.102.2.3.4Other Anchor Types and Tendon Materials102.2.4Cement Grout2.3ANCHOREDWALLS.112.3.1General2.3.2 Soldier Beam and Lagging Wall.122.3.2.1.12General.2.3.2.2.13SoldierBeam2.3.2.3.14Lagging2.3.2.4.15Construction Sequence.152.3.3 Continuous Wallsi
iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.1 1.1 Purpose.1 1.2 Anchored System Service Life .1 1.3 Background .2 CHAPTER 2 GROUND ANCHORS AND ANCHORED SYSTEMS.4 2.1 INTRODUCTION .4 2.2 GROUND ANCHORS.4 2.2.1 General.4 2.2.2 Types of Ground Anchors.6 2.2.2.1 General.6 2.2.2.2 Straight Shaft Gravity-Grouted Ground Anchors.7 2.2.2.3 Straight Shaft Pressure-Grouted Ground Anchors.8 2.2.2.4 Post-grouted Ground Anchors.8 2.2.2.5 Underreamed Anchors.8 2.2.3 Tendon Materials.8 2.2.3.1 Steel Bar and Strand Tendons.8 2.2.3.2 Spacers and Centralizers.9 2.2.3.3 Epoxy-Coated Bar and Epoxy-Coated Filled Strand .10 2.2.3.4 Other Anchor Types and Tendon Materials .10 2.2.4 Cement Grout .11 2.3 ANCHORED WALLS.11 2.3.1 General.11 2.3.2 Soldier Beam and Lagging Wall.12 2.3.2.1 General.12 2.3.2.2 Soldier Beam.13 2.3.2.3 Lagging.14 2.3.2.4 Construction Sequence.15 2.3.3 Continuous Walls.15