Political and Institutional reforms 1901-1911
Political and Institutional Reforms 1901-1911
In the early 1900s a Collapse of the reform Movement of 1898, and Boxer Uprising of 1898-1900. The allied forces seized Peking on 14 August 1900 a Empress dowager Cixi and the guangxu emperor evacuated the capital and fled to Xi'an On 29 Jan 1901, Emperor's edict the method of the government should be changed in accordance with the times what were the problems China facing to The weakness of China is caused by the strength of convention and the rigid network of regulations a The government officials exchange numerous documents but they never touch reality
In the early 1900s… Collapse of the Reform Movement of 1898, and Boxer Uprising of 1898-1900. The allied forces seized Peking on 14 August 1900. Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor evacuated the capital and fled to Xi’an. On 29 Jan 1901, Emperor’s edict “the method of the government should be changed in accordance with the times.”-- what were the problems China facing to? “The weakness of China is caused by the strength of convention and the rigid network of regulations…. The government officials exchange numerous documents but they never touch reality
Reform plans A memorial by liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong in 1901 to adopt Western methods a To dispatch of travelers abroad(Empress Dowager sent two missions in 1905) a Military drill and supply Agriculture(translations from Japan) and industry a Transportation laws and commercial laws Silver dollar, stamp tax, postal administration, and the official collection of opium duties More translations of japanese and Western books
Reform Plans A memorial by Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong in 1901, to adopt Western methods: To dispatch of travelers abroad (Empress Dowager sent two missions in 1905) Military drill and supply Agriculture (translations from Japan) and industry Transportation laws and commercial laws Silver dollar, stamp tax, postal administration, and the official collection of opium duties More translations of Japanese and Western books
Educational reforms abolition of the age-old civil service examination system( 1904, in 1901 abolition of the eight-legged essays, provincial examinations on Western politics and scholarship To convert the academies into Western style schools Modern and semi-modern educational institutions,oa regulations modeled on the Japanese example in 1904 a gradually to decrease the number of old, to eventually abolish the examinations after a sufficient number of new schools To study abroad was encouraged, esp to Japan
Educational Reforms Abolition of the age-old civil service examination system (1904, in 1901 abolition of the eight-legged essays, provincial examinations on Western politics and scholarship). To convert the academies into Western style schools. Modern and semi-modern educational institutions, regulations modeled on the Japanese example in 1904. Gradually to decrease the number of “old,” to eventually abolish the examinations after a sufficient number of new schools To study abroad was encouraged, esp. to Japan
It is a process under change Effects of these reforms? Numbers of schools and students vS real changes, e.g. curriculums and teachers Motivation on the students' side? Still government office -to accept their graduates from the new schools Gentry-literati's attitude? What did the abolition of examinations mean to them? New schools and Classics, ceremony of Confucian worship, moral education To teach the official spoken language(Mandarin) Women were not allowed to receive the new education
It is a process under change… Effects of these reforms? Numbers of schools and students vs. real changes, e.g. curriculums and teachers Motivation on the students’ side? Still government office – to accept their graduates from the new schools Gentry-literati’s attitude? What did the abolition of examinations mean to them? New schools and Classics, ceremony of Confucian worship, moral education To teach the official spoken language (Mandarin) Women were not allowed to receive the new education