Chapter 4 A Contrastive Study between Chinese and English English and Chinese belong to different language families. English belongs to Indo-European language family and Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family. Consequently the two languages are quite different. We should study the similarities and differences of the two languages to improve the practical translation ability . A contrastive study of scripts between English and Chinese(See students'book P-33) Introduction to the Chinese Script The Chinese script is one of the oldest and most widely used writing systems in the world. It has a history of about six thousand years, and is used by about one fourth of the total population on earth.(从历史的角度观察汉语和英语,我们首先注 意到,这两种语言分属于不同语系,即汉语属于汉藏语系,而英语属于印欧语系。汉藏语系 是人类语言中形成最早、流通最广、使用人数很多的一种,汉语则是其中最具代表性的一种 语言。印欧语系是世界上使用最广的语系,大约世界人口的一半以上都以该语系作为母语, 英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言之一。 汉语已有6000多年的历史,甲骨文被认为是汉语的起源。汉语是一种表意文字,如 “人”、“日”、“家”、“中”等。早在公元前206年,中国的语言学家就编撰了世界上第一部 解释词义的专著《尔雅》。公元100年,又一部汉语语言工具书《说文解字》出版。这表明 中国的学者很早就开始了对汉语进行研究。 英语的历史有1500多年。英语起源于五世纪中叶,经历了三个历史时期:即古英语时 期,中古英语时期和现代英语时期。英语是拼音文字,其词汇之多居人类诸语言之首。英语 已成为当今世界上使用最广泛的语言,广泛运用于政治、经济、科技和文化等许多领域。 The creation and evolution of Chinese characters are closely interwoven with the development of Chinese culture. Chinese characters are the basic carriers of the traditional chin and, as an important tool for extending, spreading and exchanging ideas, they have played a critical role in the long history of the Chinese nation. One may well argue that without chinese characters Chinese culture would not have achieved the splendors it did. The Chinese script is an ideographic writing system, in which the graphic kA structure is directly related to the meaning. Hence the first step toward mastery of Chinese characters is to learn the characteristics of their composition Fit. In the study of the composition of Chinese characters, there is a traditional theory known as four writings. That is, there are four types of characters in the terms of their composition Pictographs or pictographic writing, indicatives ideographs, phonetic compounds, Strictly speaking, the four refer to the ways of 16
16 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 4 A Contrastive Contrastive Contrastive Contrastive Study Between Between Between Between Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese and English English English English English and Chinese belong to different language families. English belongs to Indo-European language family and Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family. Consequently the two languages are quite different. We should study the similarities and differences of the two languages to improve the practical translation ability. I. A contrastive contrastive contrastive contrastive study of scripts scripts scripts scripts between between between between English English English English and Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese (See students students students students’ book P.33) Introduction to the Chinese Script The Chinese script is one of the oldest and most widely used writing systems in the world. It has a history of about six thousand years, and is used by about one fourth of the total population on earth. (从历史的角度观察汉语和英语，我们首先注 意到，这两种语言分属于不同语系，即汉语属于汉藏语系，而英语属于印欧语系。汉藏语系 是人类语言中形成最早、流通最广、使用人数很多的一种，汉语则是其中最具代表性的一种 语言。印欧语系是世界上使用最广的语系，大约世界人口的一半以上都以该语系作为母语, 英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言之一。 汉语已有 6000 多年的历史，甲骨文被认为是汉语的起源。汉语是一种表意文字，如 “人”、“日”、“家”、“中”等。早在公元前 206 年，中国的语言学家就编撰了世界上第一部 解释词义的专著《尔雅》。公元 100 年，又一部汉语语言工具书《说文解字》出版。这表明 中国的学者很早就开始了对汉语进行研究。 英语的历史有 1500 多年。英语起源于五世纪中叶，经历了三个历史时期：即古英语时 期，中古英语时期和现代英语时期。英语是拼音文字，其词汇之多居人类诸语言之首。英语 已成为当今世界上使用最广泛的语言，广泛运用于政治、经济、科技和文化等许多领域。 ) The creation and evolution of Chinese characters are closely interwoven with the development of Chinese culture. Chinese characters are the basic carriers of the traditional Chinese culture, and, as an important tool for extending, spreading and exchanging ideas, they have played a critical role in the long history of the Chinese nation. One may well argue that without Chinese characters Chinese culture would not have achieved the splendors it did. The Chinese script is an ideographic writing system, in which the graphic 图 表的 structure is directly related to the meaning. Hence the first step toward mastery of Chinese characters is to learn the characteristics of their composition 成份. In the study of the composition of Chinese characters, there is a traditional theory known as four writings. That is, there are four types of characters in the terms of their composition: Pictographs or pictographic writing, indicatives, ideographs, phonetic compounds, Strictly speaking, the four refer to the ways of
composing Chinese characters, Nevertheless the four writings theory is basically correct in revealing the general pattern in the creation and development of Chinese characters. It may help learners better understand the composition of Chinese characters and their original meanings, and hence use them more accurately. 1. Pictographs pictographic writing(日、月、山、水、人等) A pictograph is a depiction of a material ob ject. Chinese characters mostly originated from picture writing. In other words, most Chinese characters were riginally pictures of ob jects. However, there is a fundamental difference between pictographs and pictures: the former, usually rough sketches of objects(e.g.s D,mountain"&, M"river"t, "man'A,"big 大) or consisting of a characteristic part onl(e.g.。x,。"shep羊), are much simpler than the latter. More important is that pictographs are associated with definite meanings and pronunciations, and have become symbolic, and as a result of increasing simplification and abstraction, pictographs of the later ages are quite deferent from their originals. Compared with those in the Oracle-Bone Inscriptions, pictographs in the Regular Script are no longer picture like. In a sense they are not really pictographic, but simply symbolic. Pictographs are based on the external form of material objects, but the abstract concepts in language are formless, which renders it impossible to depict them. This impossibility inevitably hinders the growth of pictographs, and that is why their number is limited. However, pictography remains the most important method of composing Chinese characters. The others are only deve lopments on this method nd varia 2. Indicatives or indicative character(一、二、三、上、下) Indicatives refer to the way of forming abstract characters with indicating signs. There are two subtypes of indicatives: one is composed of a pictograph and an indicating sign, e.g. (knife-edge) 七(root) 米 "(treetop) other is composed purely of abstract sign, e.g. (on the top),(underneath) Indicatives account for the smallest percentage of Chinese characters. The reason is that for most characters there are simpler ways of composition: characters referring to material objects may be composed pictographically and those express abstract concepts may be composed ideographically or by way of phonic-compounding 3. Ideographs or Associative Character(森、从) Ideographs are compounds, composed of two or more existing characters. In terms of structure, an ideograph is a composition of two or more characters side by side or one on top of another. In terms of meaning, an ideograph is also a composition of the meanings of its component characters. For example, the single character n stands for a tree, two trees together y refers to a group of trees-grove, and the character made up of three trees lt means a place full of trees, a forest. And the character consists of(man) and t(tree), signifies that man is taking a rest
17 composing Chinese characters, Nevertheless the four writings’ theory is basically correct in revealing the general pattern in the creation and development of Chinese characters. It may help learners better understand the composition of Chinese characters and their original meanings, and hence use them more accurately. 1.Pictographs pictographic writing (日、月、山、水、人等) A pictograph is a depiction of a material object. Chinese characters mostly originated from picture writing. In other words, most Chinese characters were originally pictures of objects. However, there is a fundamental difference between pictographs and pictures: the former, usually rough sketches of objects(e. g. ら "sun" , る "moon" , "mountain" , 猠 "river" , "man" , "big" ) or consisting of a characteristic part only (e.g. "ox", ο "sheep" ), are much simpler than the latter. More important is that pictographs are associated with definite meanings and pronunciations, and have become symbolic, and as a result of increasing simplification and abstraction, pictographs of the later ages are quite deferent from their originals. Compared with those in the Oracle-Bone Inscriptions, pictographs in the Regular Script are no longer picture like. In a sense they are not really pictographic, but simply symbolic. Pictographs are based on the external form of material objects, but the abstract concepts in language are formless, which renders it impossible to depict them. This impossibility inevitably hinders the growth of pictographs, and that is why their number is limited. However, pictography remains the most important method of composing Chinese characters. The others are only developments on this method and variations. 2. Indicatives or Indicative Character（一、二、三、上、下） Indicatives refer to the way of forming abstract characters with indicating signs. There are two subtypes of indicatives: one is composed of a pictograph and an indicating sign, e.g. (knife-edge) , セ(root) , ソ(treetop) ; the other is composed purely of abstract sign, e.g. (on the top) , (underneath) , (one), (two) and(three). Indicatives account for the smallest percentage of Chinese characters. The reason is that for most characters there are simpler ways of composition: characters referring to material objects may be composed pictographically and those expressing abstract concepts may be composed ideographically or by way of phonic-compounding. 3. Ideographs or Associative Character (森、从) Ideographs are compounds, composed of two or more existing characters. In terms of structure, an ideograph is a composition of two or more characters side by side or one on top of another. In terms of meaning, an ideograph is also a composition of the meanings of its component characters. For example, the single character れ stands for a tree, two trees together 狶 refers to a group of trees-grove, and the character made up of three trees 此 means a place full of trees, a forest. And the character ヰ consists of (man) and れ(tree) , signifies that man is taking a rest
gainst a tree 4. Phonetic-semantic compounds or morpheme-phonetic character o a phonetic compound consists of a semantic radical and a phonetic radical. The semantic radical indicates its semantic field and the phonetic radical its pronunciation. For example, phonetic-semantic compounds with n(tree) as the radical like w(pine), i(cypress), (peach) are all names of trees: those with t(hand)as the radical like H (push),T(pull), lift(lift) all refer to actions performed by the hand. However the semantic radical only shows the general semantic class of the character, not its specific meaning. The specific meanings of the characters sharing the same radical-are differentiated by the phonetics they each have. The phonetics in some phonetic-semantic compounds may also be semantic e. g. the phonetic is also meaningful in the sense oftake There are many objects and abstract, ideas which are difficult to express through-pictography or ideography For example, the general term for birds, but there are thousands of types of birds in the world, and it is impossible to differentiate each of them by way of pictography or ideography. But this is easily achieved in phonetic-semantic compounds by adding different phonetics to the radical 尘,e.g.猴( pigeon),舄( crane),蔓( chicken)and胯(swan). Thus there is an enormous number of phonetic compounds in Chinese, and this number is growing larger and larger in the modern period. Statistics show that phonetic-semantic compounds accounted for 80% of the total characters in the Origin of Chinese Characters(Shui Wen Jie Zi) of the Han Dynasty, 88% in Aspects of the Six Categories of Chinese Characters (Liu Shu Lue) of the Song Dynasty and 90% in Kangxi Dictionary of the Qing Dynasty. In the modern simplified form currently in use, phonetic compounds make up an even larger percent IL. A contrastive study of phonetics between English and Chinese( See students'book P. 34) 汉语是声调语言,而英语是语调语言。 汉语发音标准以普通话为准,其音素分为韵母(元音)和声母(辅音)两大类。 汉语是声调语言,每个汉字都有四个声调:(阴)(阳)(上)(去) 在英语的语言系统中,音节包括三个部分:音节首、音节核心和音节尾。英语中闭音节 多,开音节少,音节中至少必须有一个元音,有多少个元音,就有多少个音节,英语中的音 节总数大大超过汉语 英语是语调语言而非声调语言。语调一般在句子的末尾,它可以表示句子的语法功能, 能区分句子为陈述句、疑问句或反问疑问句:语调还具有强调功能,能突出说话者所特别想 强调的部分。语调还有表态功能,能表示说话者的态度、语气和情感 英汉这两种语言在语调方面有着一些相似之处,因为语调可以表示说话者的情感,而人 类的情感在许多方面都是相同的。一般来说,在表示命令、陈述、肯定、感叹等情感时,汉 语和英语都是用相类似的平调或降调:而在表示怀疑、疑问、嘲讽等情感时,多用升调
18 against a tree. 4. Phonetic-semantic compounds or morpheme-phonetic character () A phonetic compound consists of a semantic radical and a phonetic radical. The semantic radical indicates its semantic field and the phonetic radical its pronunciation. For example, phonetic-semantic compounds with れ (tree) as the radical like 猀(pine), 琭(cypress), (peach) are all names of trees; those with も(hand) as the radical like 崩(push), ┰(pull), 矗(lift), (press) all refer to actions performed by the hand. However the semantic radical only shows the general semantic class of the character, not its specific meaning. The specific meanings of the characters sharing the same radical-are differentiated by the phonetics they each have. The phonetics in some phonetic-semantic compounds may also be semantic, e. g. the phonetic in 谤 is also meaningful in the sense of "take". There are many objects and abstract, ideas which are difficult to express through-pictography or ideography. For example, 尘 the general term for birds, but there are thousands of types of birds in the world, and it is impossible to differentiate each of them by way of pictography or ideography. But this is easily achieved in phonetic-semantic compounds by adding different phonetics to the radical 尘, e.g. 翭(pigeon), 舃(crane), 蔓 (chicken) and 肹(swan). Thus there is an enormous number of phonetic compounds in Chinese, and this number is growing larger and larger in the modern period. Statistics show that phonetic-semantic compounds accounted for 80% of the total characters in the Origin of Chinese Characters (Shui Wen Jie Zi) of the Han Dynasty, 88% in Aspects of the Six Categories of Chinese Characters (Liu Shu Lue) of the Song Dynasty, and 90% in Kangxi Dictionary of the Qing Dynasty. In the modern simplified form currently in use, phonetic compounds make up an even larger percent. II. A contrastive contrastive contrastive contrastive study of phonetics phonetics phonetics phonetics between between between between English English English English and Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese (See students students students students’ book P.34) 汉语是声调语言，而英语是语调语言。 汉语发音标准以普通话为准，其音素分为韵母（元音）和声母（辅音）两大类。 汉语是声调语言，每个汉字都有四个声调：（阴）（阳）（上）（去） 在英语的语言系统中，音节包括三个部分：音节首、音节核心和音节尾。英语中闭音节 多，开音节少，音节中至少必须有一个元音，有多少个元音，就有多少个音节，英语中的音 节总数大大超过汉语。 英语是语调语言而非声调语言。语调一般在句子的末尾，它可以表示句子的语法功能， 能区分句子为陈述句、疑问句或反问疑问句：语调还具有强调功能，能突出说话者所特别想 强调的部分。语调还有表态功能，能表示说话者的态度、语气和情感。 英汉这两种语言在语调方面有着一些相似之处，因为语调可以表示说话者的情感，而人 类的情感在许多方面都是相同的。一般来说，在表示命令、陈述、肯定、感叹等情感时，汉 语和英语都是用相类似的平调或降调：而在表示怀疑、疑问、嘲讽等情感时，多用升调
IlL. A contrastive study of words between English and Chinese(See students'book P35) A contrastive study of words between English and Chinese includes two aspects: on word construction: on semantic of word 1. On word construction (1)实词和虚词 汉语词语和英语词语都可以分为两大类,即实词和虚词。汉语的实词包括名词、形容词、 动词、代词、数词、量词和副词。虚词包括连词、介词、感叹词和助词。汉语中的助词分为 动词助词、情态动词等。汉语无冠词。英语的实词包括名词、动词、形容词、代词、数词和 副词,但是英语没有量词。英语的虚词和汉语大致相同,但是英语的虚词还包括助动词和冠 词。汉语的词语大多为双音节 (2)从词的构成方面来看,A、英汉语都使用加缀法,汉语的主要方法是词根复合方式, 但是汉语中的构词法仍然使用加缀法。 英语的构词主要使用加缀法,英语中的词缀从所处的位置上来说,可分为前缀和后缀 从语法功能上说,还可以分为名词词缀、动词词缀、形容词词缀、副词词缀、反义词词缀等。 汉语词缀可分为两大类,一类是汉语中本身就具有的,一类是受外语的影响,通过翻译 而产生的词缀。 汉语中本身具有的:表示“人”的前缀为:老(老头、老师、老板),阿(阿姨、阿妈、 阿爸、阿毛),子(儿子、老子、妻子、嫂子),亲(父亲、母亲、双亲)等。 受外语影响的:例如“……性”(必要性、思想性、民族性……),“……化”(全球化 现代化、工业化……),“……家”(画家、音乐家、思想家、哲学家、科学家……)。 英语中的前后缀数量众多,单位表示“人”的就有好几种。表示职业的有 er,-or,-ar,-ist,-eer,-ian等,表示来自哪个国家的人有:-an,-er,-ese,-ian 等,表示具有某种职务的人有:-ain( captain),-ary( secretary),-al( principal)等, 还有表示阴性、阳性的:-ess( hotess, actress),-ine( heroine)等 B、汉英两种语言中常用的构词手段除了加缀外,还有重叠、缩略法等。例如,妈妈、爸 爸、哥哥等这一类表示亲属的称谓:狗狗、毛毛、牛牛等儿童用语。在英语中也有类似的用 法,例如:mum-- mummy,dad-- daddy,dog--dogy C、汉英语言的构词还可通过缩略法达到。 四个现代化-四化 高等院校-高校 申办奥运会-申奥 科学研究-科研 The United states of america-USA World Health Organization-WHO
19 III.. A contrastive contrastive contrastive contrastive study of words between between between between English English English English and Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese (See students students students students’ book P.35) A contrastive study of words between English and Chinese includes two aspects: on word construction; on semantic of word 1. On word construction construction construction construction (1) 实词和虚词 汉语词语和英语词语都可以分为两大类，即实词和虚词。汉语的实词包括名词、形容词、 动词、代词、数词、量词和副词。虚词包括连词、介词、感叹词和助词。汉语中的助词分为 动词助词、情态动词等。汉语无冠词。英语的实词包括名词、动词、形容词、代词、数词和 副词，但是英语没有量词。英语的虚词和汉语大致相同，但是英语的虚词还包括助动词和冠 词。汉语的词语大多为双音节。 （2）从词的构成方面来看， A、英汉语都使用加缀法，汉语的主要方法是词根复合方式， 但是汉语中的构词法仍然使用加缀法。 英语的构词主要使用加缀法，英语中的词缀从所处的位置上来说，可分为前缀和后缀； 从语法功能上说，还可以分为名词词缀、动词词缀、形容词词缀、副词词缀、反义词词缀等。 汉语词缀可分为两大类，一类是汉语中本身就具有的，一类是受外语的影响，通过翻译 而产生的词缀。 汉语中本身具有的：表示“人”的前缀为：老（老头、老师、老板），阿（阿姨、阿妈、 阿爸、阿毛），子（儿子、老子、妻子、嫂子），亲（父亲、母亲、双亲）等。 受外语影响的：例如“……性”（必要性、思想性、民族性……），“……化”（全球化、 现代化、工业化……），“……家”（画家、音乐家、思想家、哲学家、科学家……）。 英语中的前后缀数量众多，单位表示 “人 ”的就有好几种。表示职业的有： -er ,-or ,-ar ,-ist ,-eer ,-ian 等，表示来自哪个国家的人有：-an ,-er ,-ese ,-ian 等，表示具有某种职务的人有：-ain (captain),-ary (secretary),-al (principal)等, 还有表示阴性、阳性的：-ess (hotess ,actress),-ine (heroine)等。 B、汉英两种语言中常用的构词手段除了加缀外,还有重叠、缩略法等。例如，妈妈、爸 爸、哥哥等这一类表示亲属的称谓；狗狗、毛毛、牛牛等儿童用语。在英语中也有类似的用 法，例如：mum---mummy, dad---daddy, dog---doggy C、汉英语言的构词还可通过缩略法达到。 四个现代化-四化 高等院校-高校 申办奥运会-申奥 科学研究-科研 The United States of America-USA World Health Organization-WHO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization-NATO D、汉语词语的形式变化少,词缀数量不多,意义不稳定,一缀多义的现象十分普遍。 例如前缀“老”十分常用,它可以跟许多字搭配,但意义不尽相同 英语词语的形式变化多,词缀丰富,而且构词能力强。英语词语的形态变化有内部形态 变化、外部形态变化两大类。内部形态变化主要指通过添加前缀或后缀构成新的词语。英语 的词缀有一定的规律,一般情况下,大多数前缀只能构词,即构成一个新的词,很少改变词 性,只有少数前缀改变词性和词义,如body- embody。例如,表示否定的前缀 un-,non-,im-,ir-,表示其他意义的前缀anti-, quasI 等。后缀不但能构成词,还 能够改变词性。 英语词语的外部形态变化是指在句子中为了起到语法上的功能而加上一些特定的标 记。例如,表示复数形式的-s,和-es,表示时态和语态的-ing和-ed。还如,is的复数和过 去式分别是are和was 2. On semantic of word 汉英词语语义的对比主要是从汉英两种语言中一些词语所包含的特定的语义来发展开 及一些词语的引申意义或比喻意义。主要从几个方面进行对比:颜色词的对比、动植物名称 的对比、习语的对比等。 (1) Comparative study of color terms between English and Chinese On some occasions, some things and phenomena can arouse different moods among the English and the Chinese. In other words, the English and Chinese have different association towards some same thing and phenomena. That is, some associative meanings in English are different from their counterparts in Chinese Take the color term"red" for example Both“ red" and“红” mean "the color of blood or fire”.( This refers to denotative meaning which is given in the dictionary) The associative or symbolic meanings of“ red" and“红”ar uite different because of the different social customs and political factors. OThe associative meanings of"red"in English:(A)"Red"is associated with"danger" and“ anger”, In every day life,“ waving a red flag” means“ doing something that can cause quick anger in other people. (B)"Red"is also associated with"blood"and"violent". Hence the famous british scholar, Hawkes translated Chinese《红楼梦》as“ the Story of the Stone”, not as“A Dream of the red mansions”( (the latter is Chinese scholar, Yang Xianyi's version),恰红公子 as "Green Boy3,怡红院as" the house of Green Delights” because he avoided using the word ② The different associative meanings of“红” in Chinese: Red arouses the feelings of enthusiasm, excitement and affection among the Chinese, so the Chinese like red very much
20 North Atlantic Treaty Organization-NATO D、汉语词语的形式变化少，词缀数量不多，意义不稳定，一缀多义的现象十分普遍。 例如前缀“老”十分常用，它可以跟许多字搭配，但意义不尽相同。 英语词语的形式变化多，词缀丰富，而且构词能力强。英语词语的形态变化有内部形态 变化、外部形态变化两大类。内部形态变化主要指通过添加前缀或后缀构成新的词语。英语 的词缀有一定的规律，一般情况下，大多数前缀只能构词，即构成一个新的词,很少改变词 性 ， 只 有 少 数 前 缀 改 变 词 性 和 词 义 ， 如 body-embody 。 例 如 ， 表 示 否 定 的 前 缀 un-,non-,im-,ir-，表示其他意义的前缀 anti-,quasi-,semi-等。后缀不但能构成词，还 能够改变词性。 英语词语的外部形态变化是指在句子中为了起到语法上的功能而加上一些特定的标 记。例如，表示复数形式的-s,和-es，表示时态和语态的-ing 和-ed。还如，is 的复数和过 去式分别是 are 和 was。 2. On semantic semantic semantic semantic of word 汉英词语语义的对比主要是从汉英两种语言中一些词语所包含的特定的语义来发展开， 及一些词语的引申意义或比喻意义。主要从几个方面进行对比：颜色词的对比、动植物名称 的对比、习语的对比等。 （1） Comparative study of color terms between English and Chinese On some occasions, some things and phenomena can arouse different moods among the English and the Chinese. In other words, the English and Chinese have different association towards some same thing and phenomena. That is, some associative meanings in English are different from their counterparts in Chinese. Take the color term “red” for example. example. example. example. Both “red” and “红” mean “the color of blood or fire”. (This refers to denotative meaning which is given in the dictionary) The associative associative associative associative or symbolic symbolic symbolic symbolic meanings meanings meanings meanings of “red” and “红” are quite different different different different because because because because of the different different different different social customs customs customs customs and political political political political factors. factors. factors. factors. ①The associative associative associative associative meanings meanings meanings meanings of “red” in English: English: English: English: (A) “Red” is associated associated associated associated with “danger” and “anger”. In every day life, “waving a red flag” means “doing something that can cause quick anger in other people.” (B) “Red” is also associated associated associated associated with “blood” and “violent violent violent violent”. Hence the famous British scholar, Hawkes translated Chinese《红楼梦》as “the Story of the Stone”, not as“A Dream of the red Mansions” (the latter is Chinese scholar, Yang Xianyi’s version); 怡红公子 as“Green Boy”; 怡红院 as “the house of Green Delights” because he avoided using the word “red”.② The different different different different associative associative associative associative meanings meanings meanings meanings of “红” in Chinese: Chinese: Chinese: Chinese: Red arouses arouses arouses arouses the feelings feelings feelings feelings of enthusiasm, enthusiasm, enthusiasm, enthusiasm, excitement excitement excitement excitement and affection affection affection affection among the Chinese, Chinese, Chinese, Chinese, so the Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese like red very much