operations书面算术运算, for example, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, extraction 13 The Transl_ tion of western cl_ asics: The Third Peak(鸦片战争后至“五四”前的西方政 治思想和文学翻译) The Opium [oupjom] War(1840-1842)and the singing of the first unequal Treaty of Nanjing ushered['Na]引导展示 in the third peak of translation activity in China's history, lasting from the mid 1gth century to the eve auy of the may 4th Movement, with emphasis on Western works of ocial sciences, military sciences and literature. Some representative figures include 131 Lin Zexu(林则徐 Respectfully regarded as a national hero against British opium trade and "the first Chinese who opened his eyes to look at the outside world", Lin Zexu(1785-1850), a government official was also an eminent organizer of translation activity during this period. He established a translation centre in Guangzhou to render some foreign works on history and geography into Chinese as well as gather information from the Western press 132LSh_nn(李善兰) 1.33 Lin Shu(林纾shu)(陈宏薇P8) Lin Shu(1852-1924), a traditional Chinese scholor, has been regarded as the pioneer of literary translation in China due to his large quantity of translations of Western novels Interestingly, Lin Shu never did hid job independently, instead, he translated with the assistance of interpreters because he himself did not know any foreign languages. He penned elegant classical Chinese versions of a wide range of foreign works such as Uncle Tom3Cabm(《黑奴吁录》《汤 姆叔叔的小屋》); David Copperfield(《块肉余生述》《大卫.科波菲尔》) Oliver Twist(《贼 史》《雾都孤儿》 134Y_nFu(严复) Living in the late Qing society constantly threatened by colonial expansion and profoundly shocked by the humiliating Treaty of Shimonoseki(《马关条约》) of April 1895 with Japan,Yan Fu(1853-1921), became an active reformist and devoted to weaving via r'vaie, ' vi: l eE his translation Western studies in the broad space of the Chinese language. The 1898 translation of Thomas Henry Huxley's Evolution and Ethics(《天演论》) established his reputation throughout the country, in which he rendered“ natural selection and survival of the fittest" into物竟天择,适 E1, a widely quoted saying coming down to this day. In the preface to the translated Evolution and ethics, Yan Fu set down the triple三个一组 translation criteria,, namely, faithfulness(信) expressiveness((达) and elegance(雅)”, with which he opened a new chapter in the translation history of China
6 operations书面算术运算, for example, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, extraction of a root, etc. 1.3The Translation Translation Translation Translation of Western Western Western Western Classics: Classics: Classics: Classics: The Third Peak（鸦片战争后至“五四”前的西方政 治思想和文学翻译） The Opium ['əupjəm] War (1840-1842) and the singing of the first unequal Treaty of Nanjing ushered['ʌʃə] 引导,展示 in the third peak of translation activity in China’s history, lasting from the mid 19th century to the eve 前夕 of the may 4th Movement, with emphasis on Western works of social sciences, military sciences and literature. Some representative figures include: 1.3.1 Lin Zexu (林则徐) Respectfully regarded as a national hero against British opium trade and “the first Chinese who opened his eyes to look at the outside world”, Lin Zexu (1785-1850), a government official, was also an eminent organizer of translation activity during this period. He established a translation centre in Guangzhou to render some foreign works on history and geography into Chinese as well as gather information from the Western press. 1.3.2 Li Shanlan Shanlan Shanlan Shanlan（李善兰） 1.3.3 Lin Shu（林纾 shū）(陈宏薇 P.8) Lin Shu (1852-1924), a traditional Chinese scholor, has been regarded as the pioneer of literary translation in China due to his large quantity of translations of Western novels. Interestingly, Lin Shu never did hid job independently, instead, he translated with the assistance of interpreters because he himself did not know any foreign languages. He penned elegant classical Chinese versions of a wide range of foreign works such as Uncle Tom’s Cabin (《黑奴吁录》《汤 姆叔叔的小屋》)；David Copperfield (《块肉余生述》《大卫.科波菲尔》);Oliver Twist（《贼 史》《雾都孤儿》) 1.3.4 Yan Fu（严复） Living in the late Qing society constantly threatened by colonial expansion and profoundly shocked by the humiliating Treaty of Shimonoseki (《马关条约》) of April 1895 with Japan, Yan Fu (1853-1921), became an active reformist and devoted to weaving via ['vaiə, 'vi:ə] 经由 his translation Western studies in the broad space of the Chinese language. The 1898 translation of Thomas Henry Huxley’s Evolution and Ethics (《天演论》) established his reputation throughout the country, in which he rendered “natural selection and survival of the fittest” into 物竟天择，适 者 生 存 ， a widely quoted saying coming down to this day. In the preface to the translated Evolution and Ethics, Yan Fu set down the triple 三 个 一 组 translation criteria, namely, “faithfulness(信), expressiveness(达) and elegance(雅)”，with which he opened a new chapter in the translation history of China
Yan Fu: Evolution and Ethics and otheressays by TH. Huxley(《天演论》); n inquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth/ Nations by a. Smithe(《原富》) 2.2 Translation in Contemporary China Translation activity has taken on a new look ever since the May 4th Movement, the starting point of the new democratic revolution in China. For the sake of a concise discussion, we may divide the contemporary era into two period 2.2.1 Translation in China between 1919-1949 Literary Translation was equally noteworthy during this period, which made a significant contribution to the introduction of foreign literature and the development of Chinese literature Classical Chinese in translation was gradually replaced by a more simplified and easily- understood vernacular [va'naekjula]本地话,方言 Chinese baihe(白话), Hence a linguistic progress. In terms of the quality and quantity of literary translation, both improved greatly due to the unremitting efforts of many eminent translators including Lu Xun, Qu Qiubai Maodun and Lin Yutang, who not only devoted to translation practice but also advanced their own theory about such heated topics as translation criteria, literal or free translation, etc 2.2.2 Translation in Present-day China Translation in China has stepped into a new era since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. National and regional organizations for translators were established and a large quantity of scientific and technical works was translated into Chinese to meet the demands of national social and economic construction. Meanwhile, the quality and quantity of translations from Chinese into foreign languages acquired With the conclusion of the so-called"Great Cultural Revolution"and Chinas adoption of the policy of reform and opening-up, there were renewed EWf efforts in the field of translation studies and practice. Never before has so much been translated by and for so many, be it of a literary, cultural, scientific, economic or technological nature In the last few decades. a number of scholars in China introduced various translation principles in view of new discoveries in such branches as semiotics, social-linguistics intercultural communication, etc. Accordingly, translation theories have witnessed dramatic changes in many areas like notions of equivalence, faithfulness, contexts, cultural interaction and conflicts Looking back on the history of translation in China, we find that, on one hand, the long history of translation is wor ng pride in; on the other hand, it is hard to find a systematic translation theory to guide translation practice although there do exist some prescriptive explaI ons on now ranslate. By comparing the situation with Western studies in this field, we
7 Yan Fu：Evolution and Ethics and other essays by T.H. Huxley (《天演论》)；An Inquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations by A. Smith(《原富》). 2.2 Translation Translation Translation Translation in Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary Contemporary China Translation activity has taken on a new look ever since the May 4th Movement, the starting point of the new democratic revolution in China. For the sake of a concise discussion, we may divide the contemporary era into two periods. 2.2.1 Translation Translation Translation Translation in China between between between between 1919-1949 1919-1949 1919-1949 1919-1949 Literary Translation was equally noteworthy during this period, which made a significant contribution to the introduction of foreign literature and the development of Chinese literature. Classical Chinese in translation was gradually replaced by a more simplified and easily-understood vernacular [və'nækjulə] 本 地 话 , 方 言 Chinese baihua,( 白 话 ) ， Hence a linguistic progress. In terms of the quality and quantity of literary translation, both improved greatly due to the unremitting efforts of many eminent translators including Lu Xun, Qu Qiubai, Maodun and Lin Yutang, who not only devoted to translation practice but also advanced their own theory about such heated topics as translation criteria, literal or free translation, etc. 2.2.2 Translation Translation Translation Translation in Present-day Present-day Present-day Present-day China Translation in China has stepped into a new era since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. National and regional organizations for translators were established and a large quantity of scientific and technical works was translated into Chinese to meet the demands of national social and economic construction. Meanwhile, the quality and quantity of translations from Chinese into foreign languages acquired encouraging achievements. With the conclusion of the so-called “Great Cultural Revolution” and China’s adoption of the policy of reform and opening-up, there were renewed 更 新 efforts in the field of translation studies and practice. Never before has so much been translated by and for so many, be it of a literary, cultural, scientific, economic or technological nature. In the last few decades, a number of scholars in China introduced various translation principles in view of new discoveries in such branches as semiotics, social-linguistics, intercultural communication, etc. Accordingly, translation theories have witnessed dramatic changes in many areas like notions of equivalence, faithfulness, contexts, cultural interaction and conflicts. Looking back on the history of translation in China, we find that, on one hand, the long history of translation is worth taking pride in; on the other hand, it is hard to find a systematic translation theory to guide translation practice although there do exist some prescriptive explanations on how to translate. By comparing the situation with Western studies in this field, we
have to admit that China still has a long way to go in its development of translation theory and practice. With its booming兴旺的,繁荣的 economy and the expansion of its political influence in the international community, China now is facing a new challenge in translation studies IL. The nature and classification of translation( see students'book) Ill. The units of translation(see students'book IV. The standard of translation(see students'booko 1. One is set up by Yan Fu(ki)on the basis of" faithfulness, expre essiveness and elegance"(faithfulness to be faithful to the content of the original expressiveness: to be as expressive as the original; elegance: to be elegant if a translator uses words or sentence patterns before Han Dynasty.)(信、达、雅).(信: 意义不倍(背)本文,忠实于原文:达:尽译文语言所能事以求原义明显,不拘泥 于原文形式,信、达二者统一;雅:脱离原文而片面追求译文本身的古雅。他认 为只有译文本身采用“汉以前字法句法”——实际上即所谓上等的文言文,才算 登大雅之堂。)(加上课本p8中间的内容评论) 2. The other is put forward by Lu Xun(鲁迅) on the basis of“ rather being faithful in thought than smooth in language'(宁信而不顺) 3. The new China witnesses two important scholars on translation. One is Fu Lei and the other is Qian Zhongshu. The former suggests " achieve the'spiritof the original or expression resemblance”(神似).(译文同原文如果能在形式上和精 神上同时一致起来,或称能达到“形似”和“神似”,这是翻译的高标准。Mr Qian Zhongshu puts forward the ideas of" transfiguration or conversion "which aimed at" perfection(化境).(所谓“化境”‘就是原作向译文的“投胎转世” 文字形式虽然换了,而原文投胎的思想、感情、风格、神韵都原原本本的化到了 译文的境界里了,丝毫不留下翻译的痕迹,让读者读译作就完全像在读原作一样 化境是比传神更高的翻译标准。) They two follow the principle of faithful 4. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there appeared another translator, the me An(in 3). He suggested"preaching according to the original without any deduction or addition”(案本而传,不令有损言游字:按照原文的本意) In the history of western translation theories, there appeared a lot of translation theorists. Here we only mention some representative opinions on translation criteria Alexander Raster Tytler proposed the famous three principles in his essay on the principles of translation, in which he thought thatthe translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work; the style and the manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original; the translation should
8 have to admit that China still has a long way to go in its development of translation theory and practice. With its booming 兴旺的,繁荣的 economy and the expansion of its political influence in the international community, China now is facing a new challenge in translation studies. II. The nature and classification classification classification classification of translation translation translation translation (see students students students students’ book) III. The units of translation translation translation translation (see students students students students’ book) IV. The standard standard standard standard of translation translation translation translation (see students students students students’ book) 1. One is set up by Yan Fu (严复) on the basis of “faithfulness faithfulness faithfulness faithfulness , expressiveness expressiveness expressiveness expressiveness and elegance elegance elegance elegance” (faithfulness: to be faithful to the content of the original; expressiveness: to be as expressive as the original; elegance: to be elegant if a translator uses words or sentence patterns before Han Dynasty .)(信、达、雅). (信： 意义不倍(背)本文，忠实于原文；达：尽译文语言所能事以求原义明显，不拘泥 于原文形式，信、达二者统一；雅：脱离原文而片面追求译文本身的古雅。他认 为只有译文本身采用“汉以前字法句法”——实际上即所谓上等的文言文，才算 登大雅之堂。) (加上课本 p.8 中间的内容评论) 2. The other is put forward by Lu Xun (鲁迅) on the basis of “rather being faithful faithful faithful faithful in thought thought thought thought than smooth in language language language language”(宁信而不顺). 3. The new China witnesses two important scholars on translation. One is Fu Lei and the other is Qian Zhongshu. The former suggests “achieve achieve achieve achieve the ‘spirit’ of the original original original original or expression expression expression expression resemblance resemblance resemblance resemblance”（神似）. (译文同原文如果能在形式上和精 神上同时一致起来，或称能达到“形似” 和“神似”，这是翻译的高标准。)Mr. Qian Zhongshu puts forward the ideas of “transfiguration transfiguration transfiguration transfiguration or conversion conversion conversion conversion” which aimed at “perfection perfection perfection perfection”(化境).（所谓“化境”‘就是原作向译文的“投胎转世” ， 文字形式虽然换了，而原文投胎的思想、感情、风格、神韵都原原本本的化到了 译文的境界里了，丝毫不留下翻译的痕迹，让读者读译作就完全像在读原作一样。 化境是比传神更高的翻译标准。） They two follow the principle of faithfulness. 4. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there appeared another translator, the monk Dao An ( 释 道 安 ). He suggested “preaching preaching preaching preaching according according according according to the original original original original without without without without any deduction deduction deduction deduction or addition addition addition addition” (案本而传，不令有损言游字: 按照原文的本意). In the history of western translation theories, there appeared a lot of translation theorists. Here we only mention some representative opinions on translation criteria. Alexander Fraster Tytler proposed the famous three principles in his essay on the principles of translation, in which he thought that “the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work; the style and the manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original; the translation should
have all the ease of original composition”(一、译作应完全复写出原文的思想;二、 译作的风格和手法应和原作属于同一性质;三、译作应具备原创作品的通 J(O) Exactly the three principles are all based on faithfulness What's the common point of these translation criteria? Despite the variety of opinions, two criteria(pl )are almost unanimous accepted, namely, the criterion of faithfulness/ accuracy(忠实/准确) and that of smoothness(流畅/通顺) We may also take these criteria as the principles of translation in general. By faithfulness/ accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. Examples in the text book P10-13 are arranged to illustrate and explain that. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic(ttiE BJ) expression in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries. Examples in the text book P10-13 are arranged to illustrate and explain that V. The qualifications of a good translator(see students'book Exercises: 1.Text book P 19 2中国翻译史可大致分为那几个阶段? 3你印象最深的翻译家是谁?他对翻译事业最突出的贡献是什么? 4 Translate the following passage into English:“友好与和平”,陈宏薇,《新实用汉 英翻译教程》,上海外语教育出版社,2001.5
9 have all the ease of original composition” (一、译作应完全复写出原文的思想；二、 译作的风格和手法应和原作属于同一性质；三、译作应具备原创作品的通 顺).Exactly the three principles are all based on faithfulness. What’s the common point of these translation criteria? Despite the variety of opinions, two criteria (pl.) are almost unanimously accepted, namely, the criterion criterion criterion criterion of faithfulness/accuracy faithfulness/accuracy faithfulness/accuracy faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness smoothness smoothness smoothness ( 流 畅 / 通 顺 ). We may also take these criteria as the principles of translation in general. By faithfulness/ accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. Examples in the text book P10-13 are arranged to illustrate and explain that. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic（地道 的 ） expression in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries. Examples in the text book P10-13 are arranged to illustrate and explain that. V. The qualifications qualifications qualifications qualifications of a good translator translator translator translator (see students students students students’ book) Exercises: Exercises: Exercises: Exercises: 1.Text book P. 19 2.中国翻译史可大致分为那几个阶段？ 3.你印象最深的翻译家是谁？他对翻译事业最突出的贡献是什么？ 4.Translate the following passage into English: “友好与和平”， 陈宏薇，《新实用汉 英翻译教程》，上海外语教育出版社，2001.5
延安大学外国语学院教师教案(首页) 主讲教师 李艳 职称 教授 课程性质翻译理论与实践(汉译英)课程是英语教育专业学生的一门 专业技能必修课,开设在第六学期,为学位课程 教学目的使学生了解文化、语言与翻译的关系,并培养学生翻译中的 跨文化意识。 授课内容 第二章文化、语言与翻译 教学重点文化的定义与分类,文化、语言与翻译的关系 教学难点 文化、语言与翻译的关系 课时分配 二学时 教学方法 讲练结合,师生互动 教学手段 常规教学 思考题目 课本P32练习 作业与辅导 (内容、时间) 课本P32练习二 ①《汉英翻译教程》陈宏薇,上海外语教育出版社,2004 ②《简明翻译教程》陈昭伟,国防工业出版社,2006 ③《汉英翻译教程》朱徽,重庆大学出版社,2004 参考文献④《汉英翻译教程》吕瑞昌等,陕西人民出版社,1983
10 延安大学外国语学院教师教案（首页） 主讲教师 李 艳 职 称 教 授 课程性质 翻译理论与实践（汉译英）课程是英语教育专业学生的一门 专业技能必修课，开设在第六学期，为学位课程。 教学目的 使学生了解文化、语言与翻译的关系，并培养学生翻译中的 跨文化意识。 授课内容 第二章 文化、语言与翻译 教学重点 文化的定义与分类，文化、语言与翻译的关系 教学难点 文化、语言与翻译的关系 课时分配 二学时 教学方法 讲练结合，师生互动 教学手段 常规教学 思考题目 课本 P.32 练习二 作业与辅导 （内容、时间） 课本 P.32 练习二 参考文献 ①《汉英翻译教程》陈宏薇，上海外语教育出版社，2004 ②《简明翻译教程》陈昭伟，国防工业出版社，2006 ③《汉英翻译教程》朱徽，重庆大学出版社，2004 ④《汉英翻译教程》吕瑞昌等， 陕西人民出版社，1983