Source, Transfer and Storage of EnergyMacro- and Micro- nutrientsMicronutrientsMicrominerals ortraceelements,are dietaryminerals needed bythehumanbodyinvery small quantities (generallyless than1oOmg/day)asopposedtomacrominerals whichare required in largerquantities.Macronutrient- An energy-yielding nutrient. Macronutrients are those nutrients that togetherprovide the vast majority of metabolic energy to an organism.Thethreemainmacronutrientsarecarbohydrates,proteins,andfat
Source, Transfer and Storage of Energy Macro- and Micro- nutrients Micronutrients - Microminerals or trace elements, are dietary minerals needed by the human body in very small quantities (generally less than 100mg/day) as opposed to macrominerals which are required in larger quantities. Macronutrient - An energy-yielding nutrient. Macronutrients are those nutrients that together provide the vast majority of metabolic energy to an organism. The three main macronutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, and fat
Source, Transfer and Storage of EnergyThe Source of EnergyCarbohydrates made of organic compounds carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen-Monosaccharides= Single carbohydrateunit,suchas, Glucose,Fructose, andGalactose.-Disaccharides=Two single carbohydratesboundtogetherthese are Sucrose,Maltose,and Lactose.-Polysaccharides =Havemany unitsof monosaccharides joinedtogether such asStarchandFiber.break down to glucose →enter cells → oxidization,substrates, glycogen (storage)Glucose- most easily used by the body-asimplecarbohydratethatcirculatesintheblood-the main source of energyforthe muscles,central nervous systemtheONLYsourceofenergyforthebrain70% of total energy (glycolysis, citric acid cycle)
Source, Transfer and Storage of Energy The Source of Energy • Carbohydrates made of organic compounds carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - Monosaccharides = Single carbohydrate unit, such as, Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose. - Disaccharides = Two single carbohydrates bound together these are Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose. - Polysaccharides = Have many units of monosaccharidesjoined together such as, Starch and Fiber. break down to glucose → enter cells → oxidization, substrates, glycogen (storage) Glucose - most easily used by the body - a simple carbohydrate that circulates in the blood - the main source of energy for the muscles, central nervous system - the ONLY source of energy for the brain 70% of total energy (glycolysis, citric acid cycle)
Source, Transfer and Storage of EnergyLipids-Macronutrient,energy-yielding,provide9Kcaloriespergram-storageoffatinthebody>>glucose-energyproducedby1gfatoxidation~2timesproducedby1gglucoseoxidation-stored energy(adiposetissue),organprotection,temperatureregulator,insulationsuchasmyelinthatcoversnervecells,lipidmembranearoundcells,andemulsifierstokeepfatsdispersedinbodyfluids-madeoforganicmoleculescarbon,hydrogen,and oxygen.Fatsconsist ofglycerolfattyacidsjoinedbyanesterbond-provideuswithenergy,mostofthatenergyis intheformoftriacylglycerols
Source, Transfer and Storage of Energy • Lipids - Macronutrient, energy-yielding, provide 9 Kcalories per gram - storage of fat in the body > > glucose - energy produced by 1g fat oxidation ~ 2 times produced by 1g glucose oxidation - stored energy (adipose tissue), organ protection, temperature regulator, insulation such as myelin that covers nerve cells, lipid membrane around cells, and emulsifiers to keep fats dispersed in body fluids - made of organic molecules carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Fats consist of glycerol fatty acids joined by an ester bond - provide us with energy, most of that energy is in the form of triacylglycerols
Source, Transfer and Storage of EnergyProtein-produced relativelyless energy- become the major energy source in some special conditionsto maintainthe essentialvitalactivities-forms hormones, enzymes,antibodies;it ispart offluidand electrolyte regulation,thebufferingeffectforpH,andtransporterofnutrients.hemoglobin-madeofcarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,andnitrogen-Dietaryproteinsfallintotwocategories:Completeproteins:includeampleamountsof allessentialaminoacids meat,fish,poultry, cheese, eggs, and milkIncompleteproteins:containsomebut notall oftheessentialaminoacidsrequired bythehumanbodylegumes,rice,andleafygreenvegetablesVegetarians!
Source, Transfer and Storage of Energy • Protein - produced relatively less energy - become the major energy source in some special conditions to maintain the essential vital activities - forms hormones, enzymes, antibodies; it is part of fluid and electrolyte regulation, the buffering effect for pH, and transporter of nutrients. hemoglobin - made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen - Dietary proteins fall into two categories: Complete proteins: include ample amounts of all essential amino acids meat, fish, poultry, cheese, eggs, and milk Incomplete proteins: contain some but not all of the essential amino acids required by the human body legumes, rice, and leafy green vegetables Vegetarians!
Source, Transfer and Storage of Energy营养物质肌肉收缩NutrientsATPMuscularcontraction神经传导氢化分解Nerveconduction热能（放散）合成代谢和生长厂Heatenergy能能Synthesis andgrowthCDEnergyenergy化学能主动吸收ActiveabsorptionChemicalenergyADP分泌PSecretionCO、HO、尿素（Urea)善鹤释放转移利用贮存ReleaseUtilizationTransportStorage
Source, Transfer and Storage of Energy