United Nations Development Programme（UNDP）：Human Development Report 2015 Work for Human Development

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United Nations Development Programme One United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017 www.undp.org Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Human Development Report 2015 Work for Human Development Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Human Development Report 2015 | Work for Human Development Human development is all about enlarging human choices— focusing on the richness of human lives rather than simply the richness of economies. Critical to this process is work, which engages people all over the world in different ways and takes up a major part of their lives. Of the world’s 7.3 billion people, 3.2 billion are in jobs, and others engage in care work, creative work, and voluntary work or prepare themselves as future workers. From a human development perspective, the notion of work is broader and deeper than that of jobs or employment alone. The jobs framework fails to capture many kinds of work that have important human development implications—as with care work, voluntary work and such creative expression as writing or painting. The links between work and human development are synergistic. Work enhances human development by providing incomes and livelihoods, by reducing poverty, and by ensuring equitable growth. It also allows people to participate fully in society while affording them a sense of dignity and worth. And work that involves caring for others builds social cohesion and strengthens bonds within families and communities. Human beings working together not only increase material well-being, they also accumulate a wide body of knowledge that is the basis for cultures and civilizations. And when all this work is environmentally friendly, the benefits extend across generations. Ultimately, work unleashes human potential, human creativity and the human spirit. But there is no automatic link between work and human development and that some work, such as forced labour, can damage human development by violating human rights, shattering human dignity, and sacrificing freedom and autonomy. Some work, such as work in hazardous industries, also puts people at risk. And without proper policies, work’s unequal opportunities and rewards can be divisive, perpetuating inequities in society. The fast changing world of work, driven by globalization of work and the digital revolution, presents opportunities, but at the same time poses risks. The benefits of this evolving new world of work is not equally distributed and there are winners and losers. Addressing imbalances in paid and unpaid work will be a challenge, particularly for women, who are disadvantaged on both fronts. Creating work opportunities for both present and future generations would require moving towards sustainable work. Work can enhance human development when policies expand productive, remunerative, satisfying and quality work opportunities—enhance workers’ skills and potential— ensure their rights, safety, and well-being—and specific strategies are targeted to particular issues and groups of people. But it would also require pursuing an action agenda for a New Social Contract, a Global Deal and Decent Work. ”Women are disadvantaged in the world of work—in both paid and unpaid work. In the realm of paid work they are engaged in the workforce less than men, they earn less, their work tends to be more vulnerable and they are underrepresented in senior management and decisionmaking positions. In terms of unpaid work they bear a disproportionate share of the housework and care work." —United Nations Development Programme Administrator Helen Clark “Child labour is not an isolated problem and cannot be solved in isolation. The international community must realize that if we cannot protect our children, we cannot protect our development. We have to end violence against children.” —2 014 Nobel Peace Prize recipient Kailash Satyarthi “The notion of creative work may be problematic and difficult to conceptualize, but that should not deter us from treating creativity as a key measure of human development. Today, we value our creativity as an essential component of human development.” —2006 Nobel Prize in Literature recipient Orhan Pamuk “Just like women’s invisible work in the household, women’s work in community building and conflict resolution, which has significant human development implications often goes unacknowledged.” —2011 Nobel Peace Prize recipient Leymah Gbowee “Work, not just jobs, contributes to human progress and enhances human development. But there is no automatic link between work and human development.” —Report lead author Selim Jahan ISBN 978-92-1-126398-5

清。种 1 Foreword M Twenty five years ago the first Human The Report reminds us that there is no au- Development Report in 1990 began with tomatic link between work and human devel- a simple notion:that development is about opment.The quality of work is an important enlarging people's choices-focusing broadly dimension of ensuring that work enhances on the richness of human lives rather than human development.Issues such as discrimi- narrowly on the richness of economies.Work nation and violence,however,prevent positive is a major foundation for both the richness of links between work and human development. economies and the richness of human lives but Some work is very damaging to human devel- has tended to be conceptualized in economic opment,such as child labour,forced labour terms rather than in human development and the labour of trafficked workers,all of terms.The 2015 Human Development Report which constitute serious violations of human goes beyond that convention in directly link- rights.In many cases workers in hazardous ing work to the richness of human lives. conditions face serious risks of abuse,insecuri- This Report starts with a fundamental ty and loss of freedom and autonomy. question-how can work enhance human All these issues are becoming even more development?The Report takes a broad view critical to address as the world of work,driven of work,going beyond jobs and taking into ac- by globalization and technological revolution, count such activities as unpaid care work,vol- is undergoing rapid changes.Globalization untary work and creative work-all of which has generated gains for some and losses for contribute to the richness of human lives. others.The digital revolution has created new The Report highlights impressive progress opportunities,but has also given rise to new on human development over the past quarter challenges,such as irregular contracts and century.Today people are living longer,more short-term work,which are asymmetrically children are in school and more people have distributed between highly skilled and un- access to clean water and basic sanitation.Per skilled workers. capita income in the world has gone up,and The Report makes a strong case that women poverty has gone down,resulting in a better are disadvantaged in the world of work-in standard of living for many people.The digital both paid and unpaid work.In the realm of revolution has connected people across coun- paid work,they are engaged in the workforce tries and societies.Work has contributed to less than men,they earn less,their work this progress by building people's capabilities. tends to be more vulnerable and they are Decent work has provided people with a sense underrepresented in senior management and of dignity and an opportunity to engage fully decisionmaking positions.In terms of unpaid in society. work,they bear a disproportionate share of the Considerable challenges remain,from per- housework and care work. sistent poverty and grinding inequalities to cli- The Report identifies sustainable work, mate change and environmental sustainability which promotes human development while in general,and to confict and instability.These reducing and eliminating negative side effects all create barriers to people fully engaging in and unintended consequences,as a major decent work,and as a result huge amounts of building block of sustainable development. human potential remain untapped.This is of Such work would expand opportunities for particular concern for young people,women, the present generation without shrinking people with disabilities and others who may those for future ones. be marginalized.The Report argues that if the The Report argues that enhancing human potential of all people is harnessed through development through work requires policies appropriate strategies and proper policies,hu- and strategies in three broad areas-creating man progress would be accelerated and human work opportunities,ensuring workers'well-be- development deficits would be reduced. ing and developing targeted actions.The first Foreword iii

Foreword Twenty five years ago the first Human Development Report in 1990 began with a simple notion: that development is about enlarging people’s choices—focusing broadly on the richness of human lives rather than narrowly on the richness of economies. Work is a major foundation for both the richness of economies and the richness of human lives but has tended to be conceptualized in economic terms rather than in human development terms. The 2015 Human Development Report goes beyond that convention in directly link￾ing work to the richness of human lives. This Report starts with a fundamental question—how can work enhance human development? The Report takes a broad view of work, going beyond jobs and taking into ac￾count such activities as unpaid care work, vol￾untary work and creative work—all of which contribute to the richness of human lives. The Report highlights impressive progress on human development over the past quarter century. Today people are living longer, more children are in school and more people have access to clean water and basic sanitation. Per capita income in the world has gone up, and poverty has gone down, resulting in a better standard of living for many people. The digital revolution has connected people across coun￾tries and societies. Work has contributed to this progress by building people’s capabilities. Decent work has provided people with a sense of dignity and an opportunity to engage fully in society. Considerable challenges remain, from per￾sistent poverty and grinding inequalities to cli￾mate change and environmental sustainability in general, and to conflict and instability. These all create barriers to people fully engaging in decent work, and as a result huge amounts of human potential remain untapped. This is of particular concern for young people, women, people with disabilities and others who may be marginalized. The Report argues that if the potential of all people is harnessed through appropriate strategies and proper policies, hu￾man progress would be accelerated and human development deficits would be reduced. The Report reminds us that there is no au￾tomatic link between work and human devel￾opment. The quality of work is an important dimension of ensuring that work enhances human development. Issues such as discrimi￾nation and violence, however, prevent positive links between work and human development. Some work is very damaging to human devel￾opment, such as child labour, forced labour and the labour of trafficked workers, all of which constitute serious violations of human rights. In many cases workers in hazardous conditions face serious risks of abuse, insecuri￾ty and loss of freedom and autonomy. All these issues are becoming even more critical to address as the world of work, driven by globalization and technological revolution, is undergoing rapid changes. Globalization has generated gains for some and losses for others. The digital revolution has created new opportunities, but has also given rise to new challenges, such as irregular contracts and short-term work, which are asymmetrically distributed between highly skilled and un￾skilled workers. The Report makes a strong case that women are disadvantaged in the world of work—in both paid and unpaid work. In the realm of paid work, they are engaged in the workforce less than men, they earn less, their work tends to be more vulnerable and they are underrepresented in senior management and decisionmaking positions. In terms of unpaid work, they bear a disproportionate share of the housework and care work. The Report identifies sustainable work, which promotes human development while reducing and eliminating negative side effects and unintended consequences, as a major building block of sustainable development. Such work would expand opportunities for the present generation without shrinking those for future ones. The Report argues that enhancing human development through work requires policies and strategies in three broad areas—creating work opportunities, ensuring workers’ well-be￾ing and developing targeted actions. The first Foreword | iii

area focuses on national employment strategies In this context there should be serious discus- and seizing opportunities in the changing sion about the challenges created by the ongoing world of work,while the second area covers changes in the world of work.Opportunities such important issues as guaranteeing workers' should be taken to strengthen the links between rights and benefits,expanding social protec- work and human development.During the tion and addressing inequalities.Targeted past 25 years the human development concept, actions should focus on sustainable work,ad- reports and indices have generated considerable dressing imbalances in paid and unpaid work debate,dialogue and discussions around the and interventions for specific groups-for world on development challenges and policy example,for youth and people with disabil-issues.I expect this year's report to be no ex- ities.Above all,there needs to be an agenda ception in its capacity to generate dialogue and for action pursuing a New Social Contract,a debate around the concept of human develop- Global Deal,and the Decent Work Agenda. ment and strategies to advance it. This year's Report is particularly timely, following shortly after the UN Sustainable Development Summit,where the new Sustainable Development Goals were adopted, including Goal 8's explicit emphasis on work: Promote sustained,inclusive and sustainable Helen Clark economic growth,full and productive employ- Administrator ment,and decent work for all. United Nations Development Programme iv HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015

area focuses on national employment strategies and seizing opportunities in the changing world of work, while the second area covers such important issues as guaranteeing workers’ rights and benefits, expanding social protec￾tion and addressing inequalities. Targeted actions should focus on sustainable work, ad￾dressing imbalances in paid and unpaid work and interventions for specific groups—for example, for youth and people with disabil￾ities. Above all, there needs to be an agenda for action pursuing a New Social Contract, a Global Deal, and the Decent Work Agenda. This year’s Report is particularly timely, following shortly after the UN Sustainable Development Summit, where the new Sustainable Development Goals were adopted, including Goal 8’s explicit emphasis on work: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employ￾ment, and decent work for all. In this context there should be serious discus￾sion about the challenges created by the ongoing changes in the world of work. Opportunities should be taken to strengthen the links between work and human development. During the past 25 years the human development concept, reports and indices have generated considerable debate, dialogue and discussions around the world on development challenges and policy issues. I expect this year’s report to be no ex￾ception in its capacity to generate dialogue and debate around the concept of human develop￾ment and strategies to advance it. Helen Clark Administrator United Nations Development Programme iv | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015

清。种 1 Acknowledgements M The 2015 Human Development Report is the Duffy,Peter Evans,Nancy Folbre,Gary product of the Human Development Report Gereffi,Enrico Giovannini,Marina Gorbis, Office (HDRO)at the United Nations James Heintz,Jens Lerche,Jose Antonio Development Programme(UNDP). Ocampo,Samir Radwan,Akihiko Tanaka, The findings,analysis and policy recom- Lester Salamon,Frances Stewart,Rob Voss, mendations of the Report are those of HDRO Rebecca Winthrop and Ruan Zongze. alone and cannot be attributed to UNDP The Statistical Advisory Panel plays a critical or to its Executive Board.The UN General role in extending expert advice on methodol- Assembly has officially recognized the Human ogies and data choices related to the calcula- Development Report as "an independent in- tion of the Report's indices.Its members are tellectual exercise"that has become"an impor- Wasmalia Bivar,Martine Durand,Haishan Fu, tant tool for raising awareness about human Pascual Gerstenfeld,Ifeyinwa Isiekwe,Yemi development around the world." Kale,Rafael Diez de Medina,Fiona Robertson The Report has benefited from a series of con- and Michaela Saisana.The composite indices tributions by eminent people and organizations. and other statistical resources in the Report Particular appreciation is due for the signed also rely on the expertise of the leading interna- contributions by HE Mr.Benigno S.Aquino III tional data providers in their specialized fields. (President of the Philippines),Leymah Gbowee To ensure accuracy and clarity,the statistical (winner of the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize),HE analysis has also benefitted from discussions Ms.Roza Otunbayeva(former president of of statistical issues with Gisela Robles Aguilar, Kyrgyzstan),Nohra Padilla(recipient of the Sabina Alkire,Jacques Charmes,Kenneth 2013 Goldman Environmental Prize),Orhan Harttgen,Claudio Montenegro and Yangyang Pamuk (winner of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Shen.I deeply appreciate their contributions. Literature),Robert Reich(former United States The Report also benefitted from dialogues Secretary of Labor),Kailash Satyarthi (winner with representatives from national statistical of the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize)and HE Mr. offices to further refine and update source data Maithripala Sirisena(President of Sri Lanka). used for the compilation of internationally Appreciations are also extended for con- generated indicators. tributions commissioned from the following The consultations convened during prepa- authors:Antonio Andreoni,Marizio Atzeni,ration of the Report relied on the generous Fred Block,David Bloom,Jacques Charmes,support of many institutions and individuals Martha Chen,Diane Coyle,Christopher who are too numerous to mention here. Cramer,Peter Evans,Peter Frase,Nancy Events and consultations were held in Accra, Folbre,Marina Gorbis,Kenneth Harttgen,Boston,Geneva and Singapore(participants Rolph Eric van der Hoeven,Rizwanul Islam,and partners are listed at http://hdr.undp.org/ Patrick Kabanda,Claudio Montenegro, en/2015-report/consultations). Nameera Nuzhat,Dani Rodrik,Jill Rubery, A Report focusing on work would not Malcolm Sawyer,Frances Stewart,Miguel have been possible without extensive consul- Szekely,Marilyn Waring and Lanying Zhang. tations and generous investment of time by a Discussions with experts in many disciplines wide range of colleagues at the International are equally necessary and valuable for the Labour Organization both in Geneva and development of the Report,starting with an New York.Colleagues at the United Nations informal sounding round,followed by con- Food and Agriculture Organization,United sultations with a designated advisory panel for Nations Children's Fund,United Nations the 2015 Report.The commitment of time, Volunteers and UN Women also offered much advice and reviews from the following individ- valued insights and commentary.Valuable uals are highly valued:Amartya Sen,Sudhir financial contributions were received from the Anand,Amy Armenia,Martha Chen,Mignon Governments of France and Germany. Acknowledgements v

Acknowledgements The 2015 Human Development Report is the product of the Human Development Report Office (HDRO) at the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The findings, analysis and policy recom￾mendations of the Report are those of HDRO alone and cannot be attributed to UNDP or to its Executive Board. The UN General Assembly has officially recognized the Human Development Report as “an independent in￾tellectual exercise” that has become “an impor￾tant tool for raising awareness about human development around the world.” The Report has benefited from a series of con￾tributions by eminent people and organizations. Particular appreciation is due for the signed contributions by HE Mr. Benigno S. Aquino III (President of the Philippines), Leymah Gbowee (winner of the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize), HE Ms. Roza Otunbayeva (former president of Kyrgyzstan), Nohra Padilla (recipient of the 2013 Goldman Environmental Prize), Orhan Pamuk (winner of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Literature), Robert Reich (former United States Secretary of Labor), Kailash Satyarthi (winner of the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize) and HE Mr. Maithripala Sirisena (President of Sri Lanka). Appreciations are also extended for con￾tributions commissioned from the following authors: Antonio Andreoni, Marizio Atzeni, Fred Block, David Bloom, Jacques Charmes, Martha Chen, Diane Coyle, Christopher Cramer, Peter Evans, Peter Frase, Nancy Folbre, Marina Gorbis, Kenneth Harttgen, Rolph Eric van der Hoeven, Rizwanul Islam, Patrick Kabanda, Claudio Montenegro, Nameera Nuzhat, Dani Rodrik, Jill Rubery, Malcolm Sawyer, Frances Stewart, Miguel Szekely, Marilyn Waring and Lanying Zhang. Discussions with experts in many disciplines are equally necessary and valuable for the development of the Report, starting with an informal sounding round, followed by con￾sultations with a designated advisory panel for the 2015 Report. The commitment of time, advice and reviews from the following individ￾uals are highly valued: Amartya Sen, Sudhir Anand, Amy Armenia, Martha Chen, Mignon Duffy, Peter Evans, Nancy Folbre, Gary Gereffi, Enrico Giovannini, Marina Gorbis, James Heintz, Jens Lerche, José Antonio Ocampo, Samir Radwan, Akihiko Tanaka, Lester Salamon, Frances Stewart, Rob Voss, Rebecca Winthrop and Ruan Zongze. The Statistical Advisory Panel plays a critical role in extending expert advice on methodol￾ogies and data choices related to the calcula￾tion of the Report’s indices. Its members are Wasmalia Bivar, Martine Durand, Haishan Fu, Pascual Gerstenfeld, Ifeyinwa Isiekwe, Yemi Kale, Rafael Diez de Medina, Fiona Robertson and Michaela Saisana. The composite indices and other statistical resources in the Report also rely on the expertise of the leading interna￾tional data providers in their specialized fields. To ensure accuracy and clarity, the statistical analysis has also benefitted from discussions of statistical issues with Gisela Robles Aguilar, Sabina Alkire, Jacques Charmes, Kenneth Harttgen, Claudio Montenegro and Yangyang Shen. I deeply appreciate their contributions. The Report also benefitted from dialogues with representatives from national statistical offices to further refine and update source data used for the compilation of internationally generated indicators. The consultations convened during prepa￾ration of the Report relied on the generous support of many institutions and individuals who are too numerous to mention here. Events and consultations were held in Accra, Boston, Geneva and Singapore (participants and partners are listed at http://hdr.undp.org/ en/2015-report/consultations). A Report focusing on work would not have been possible without extensive consul￾tations and generous investment of time by a wide range of colleagues at the International Labour Organization both in Geneva and New York. Colleagues at the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund, United Nations Volunteers and UN Women also offered much valued insights and commentary. Valuable financial contributions were received from the Governments of France and Germany. Acknowledgements | v

Contributions,support and assistance from The highly professional editing and produc- UNDP regional bureaus,regional service tion team at Communications Development centres,global policy centres and country Incorporated-led by Bruce Ross-Larson, offices are acknowledged with gratitude. with Joe Caponio,Christopher Trott and Special thanks are extended to those UNDP Elaine Wilson-editor Peter Stalker and colleagues who constituted the Readers designers Gerry Quinn,Accurat Design and Group for the Report:Nathalie Bouche,Phoenix Design Aid are of course of critical Douglas Broderick,Pedro Conceicao,George importance for producing a report that is both Ronald Gray,Sheila Marnie,Ayodele Odusola,attractive and highly readable. Romulo Paes de Sousa,Thangavel Palanivel Most of all,I am grateful to UNDP and Claudia Vinay.The political read of the Administrator Helen Clark for her leadership Report was done by Ruby Sandhu-Rojon,and vision and for her advice,guidance and Mourad Wahba and Kanni Wignaraja and support and to the entire HDRO team for their advice is thankfully acknowledged.Randi their dedication and commitment in produc- Davis,Mandeep Dhaliwal,Karen Dukess, ing a report that strives to further the advance- Alberic Kacou,Patrick Keuleers,Brian Lutz, ment of human development. Abdoulaye Mar Dieye and Heather Simpson provided comments,suggestions and guidance on the Report.I am grateful to them. HDRO interns Geneva Damayanti, Qiansheng Hou,Yiying Sana Riaz,Elizabeth Selim Jahan Scheib,Elle Wang and Na Yu deserve recogni- Director tion for their dedication and contribution. Human Development Report Office vi HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015

Contributions, support and assistance from UNDP regional bureaus, regional service centres, global policy centres and country offices are acknowledged with gratitude. Special thanks are extended to those UNDP colleagues who constituted the Readers Group for the Report: Nathalie Bouche, Douglas Broderick, Pedro Conceição, George Ronald Gray, Sheila Marnie, Ayodele Odusola, Romulo Paes de Sousa, Thangavel Palanivel and Claudia Vinay. The political read of the Report was done by Ruby Sandhu-Rojon, Mourad Wahba and Kanni Wignaraja and their advice is thankfully acknowledged. Randi Davis, Mandeep Dhaliwal, Karen Dukess, Alberic Kacou, Patrick Keuleers, Brian Lutz, Abdoulaye Mar Dieye and Heather Simpson provided comments, suggestions and guidance on the Report. I am grateful to them. HDRO interns Geneva Damayanti, Qiansheng Hou, Yiying Sana Riaz, Elizabeth Scheib, Elle Wang and Na Yu deserve recogni￾tion for their dedication and contribution. The highly professional editing and produc￾tion team at Communications Development Incorporated—led by Bruce Ross-Larson, with Joe Caponio, Christopher Trott and Elaine  Wilson—editor Peter Stalker and designers Gerry Quinn, Accurat Design and Phoenix Design Aid are of course of critical importance for producing a report that is both attractive and highly readable. Most of all, I am grateful to UNDP Administrator Helen Clark for her leadership and vision and for her advice, guidance and support and to the entire HDRO team for their dedication and commitment in produc￾ing a report that strives to further the advance￾ment of human development. Selim Jahan Director Human Development Report Office vi | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015