WORLD ECONOMIC F①RUM COMMITTED TO IMPROVING THE STATE OF THE WORLD Insight Report The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 10th Anniversary Edition
The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 Insight Report 10th Anniversary Edition
The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 is published by the TERMS OF USE AND DISCLAIMER World Economic Forum. The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 (herein:"Report")presents information and data that were compiled and/or collected by the AT THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM World Economic Forum (all information and data referred herein Professor Klaus Schwab as "Data").Data in this Report is subject to change without Founder and Executive Chairman notice. Richard Samans Head of the Centre for the Global Agenda, The terms country and nation as used in this report do not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood Member of the Managing Board by intemational law and practice.The term covers well-defined, Saadia Zahidi Head of Employment and Gender Initiatives, geographically self-contained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate Member of the Executive Committee Yasmina Bekhouche and independent basis Project Lead,Gender Parity Initiative Although the World Economic Forum takes every reasonable Paulina Padilla Ugarte step to ensure that the Data thus compiled and/or collected Specialist,Employment and Gender Initiatives is accurately reflected in this Report,the World Economic Vesselina Ratcheva Forum,its agents,officers,and employees:(i)provide the Data Data Analyst,Employment and Gender Parity Initiatives 'as is,as available"and without warranty of any kind,either express or implied,including,without limitation,warranties AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY of merchantability,fitness for a particular purpose and non- Professor Ricardo Hausmann infringement:(ii)make no representations,express or implied, Director of the Center for Intemnational Development(CID)and as to the accuracy of the Data contained in this Report or its Professor of the Practice of Economic Development at the suitability for any particular purpose:(ii)accept no liability for any Harvard Kennedy School. use of the said Data or reliance placed on it,in particular,for any interpretation,decisions,or actions based on the Data in this AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA,BERKELEY Report. Professor Laura D'Andrea Tyson Other parties may have ownership interests in some of the Director of the Institute for Business and Social Impact at Data contained in this Report.The World Economic Forum in the Haas School of Business and the chair of the Board of no way represents or warrants that it owns or controls all rights Trustees of the Blum Center for Developing Economies in all Data,and the World Economic Forum will not be liable to We are very grateful for the support of Valentina Stoevska, users for any claims brought against users by third parties in Rosina Gammarano,Kristen Sobeck,and Marie-Claire connection with their use of any Data. Sodergren at the ILO;Said Voffal,Amelie Gagnon,Friedrich The Worid Economic Forum,its agents,officers,and employees Huebler,and Chiao-Ling Chien at UNESCO;Kareen Jabre do not endorse or in any respect warrant any third-party at the IPU;Ann-Beth Moller,Retno Wahyu Mahanani and products or services by virtue of any Data,material,or content Jessica Chi Ying Ho at the WHO;Nathalie Delmas at the ITU: referred to or included in this Report Chris Clarke at OECD and Till Leopold,Valerie Peyre,Kristin Keveloh,and Lena Woodward at the World Economic Forum. Users shall not infringe upon the integrity of the Data and in particular shall refrain from any act of alteration of the Data that A special thank you to Michael Fisher for his excellent intentionally affects its nature or accuracy.If the Data is materially copyediting work and Neil Weinberg for his superb graphic transformed by the user,this must be stated explicitly along with design and layout.We greatly appreciate,too,the efforts of the required source citation. graphic design agency Grapheine,which created the cover. For Data compiled by parties other than the World Economic Thank you to Kamal Kamaoui and the World Economic Forum,users must refer to these parties'terms of use, Forum's Publications team for their invaluable collaboration in particular concerning the attribution,distribution,and on the production of this report. reproduction of the Data. World Economic Forum When Data for which the World Economic Forum is the source 91-93 route de la Capite (herein"World Economic Forum")is distributed or reproduced,it CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva must appear accurately and be attributed to the World Economic Switzerland Forum.This source attribution requirement is attached to any Tel:+410)228691212 use of Data,whether obtained directly from the World Economic Fax+41(0)227862744 Forum or from a user. E-mail:contact@weforum.org www.weforum.org Users who make World Economic Forum Data available to other users through any type of distribution or download environment @2015 World Economic Forum agree to make reasonable efforts to communicate and promote All rights reserved. compliance by their end users with these terms. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted Users who intend to sell World Economic Forum Data as in any form or by any means,including photocopying and part of a database or as a standalone product must first recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system. obtain the permission from the World Economic Forum 92-95044-41-X (genderparityprogramme@weforum.org). 978-92-95044-41-8 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.Printed and bound in Switzerland
The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 is published by the World Economic Forum. AT THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM Professor Klaus Schwab Founder and Executive Chairman Richard Samans Head of the Centre for the Global Agenda, Member of the Managing Board Saadia Zahidi Head of Employment and Gender Initiatives, Member of the Executive Committee Yasmina Bekhouche Project Lead, Gender Parity Initiative Paulina Padilla Ugarte Specialist, Employment and Gender Initiatives Vesselina Ratcheva Data Analyst, Employment and Gender Parity Initiatives AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY Professor Ricardo Hausmann Director of the Center for International Development (CID) and Professor of the Practice of Economic Development at the Harvard Kennedy School. AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Professor Laura D’Andrea Tyson Director of the Institute for Business and Social Impact at the Haas School of Business and the chair of the Board of Trustees of the Blum Center for Developing Economies We are very grateful for the support of Valentina Stoevska, Rosina Gammarano, Kristen Sobeck, and Marie-Claire Sodergren at the ILO; Said Voffal, Amélie Gagnon, Friedrich Huebler, and Chiao-Ling Chien at UNESCO; Kareen Jabre at the IPU; Ann-Beth Moller, Retno Wahyu Mahanani and Jessica Chi Ying Ho at the WHO; Nathalie Delmas at the ITU; Chris Clarke at OECD and Till Leopold, Valerie Peyre, Kristin Keveloh, and Lena Woodward at the World Economic Forum. A special thank you to Michael Fisher for his excellent copyediting work and Neil Weinberg for his superb graphic design and layout. We greatly appreciate, too, the efforts of graphic design agency Graphéine, which created the cover. Thank you to Kamal Kamaoui and the World Economic Forum’s Publications team for their invaluable collaboration on the production of this report. World Economic Forum 91-93 route de la Capite CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva Switzerland Tel.: +41 (0)22 869 1212 Fax: +41 (0)22 786 2744 E-mail: contact@weforum.org www.weforum.org ©2015 World Economic Forum All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system. 92-95044-41-X 978-92-95044-41-8 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Printed and bound in Switzerland. TERMS OF USE AND DISCLAIMER The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 (herein: “Report”) presents information and data that were compiled and/or collected by the World Economic Forum (all information and data referred herein as “Data”). Data in this Report is subject to change without notice. The terms country and nation as used in this report do not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by international law and practice. The term covers well-defined, geographically self-contained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basis. Although the World Economic Forum takes every reasonable step to ensure that the Data thus compiled and/or collected is accurately reflected in this Report, the World Economic Forum, its agents, officers, and employees: (i) provide the Data “as is, as available” and without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including, without limitation, warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement; (ii) make no representations, express or implied, as to the accuracy of the Data contained in this Report or its suitability for any particular purpose; (iii) accept no liability for any use of the said Data or reliance placed on it, in particular, for any interpretation, decisions, or actions based on the Data in this Report. Other parties may have ownership interests in some of the Data contained in this Report. The World Economic Forum in no way represents or warrants that it owns or controls all rights in all Data, and the World Economic Forum will not be liable to users for any claims brought against users by third parties in connection with their use of any Data. The World Economic Forum, its agents, officers, and employees do not endorse or in any respect warrant any third-party products or services by virtue of any Data, material, or content referred to or included in this Report. Users shall not infringe upon the integrity of the Data and in particular shall refrain from any act of alteration of the Data that intentionally affects its nature or accuracy. If the Data is materially transformed by the user, this must be stated explicitly along with the required source citation. For Data compiled by parties other than the World Economic Forum, users must refer to these parties’ terms of use, in particular concerning the attribution, distribution, and reproduction of the Data. When Data for which the World Economic Forum is the source (herein “World Economic Forum”) is distributed or reproduced, it must appear accurately and be attributed to the World Economic Forum. This source attribution requirement is attached to any use of Data, whether obtained directly from the World Economic Forum or from a user. Users who make World Economic Forum Data available to other users through any type of distribution or download environment agree to make reasonable efforts to communicate and promote compliance by their end users with these terms. Users who intend to sell World Economic Forum Data as part of a database or as a standalone product must first obtain the permission from the World Economic Forum (genderparityprogramme@weforum.org)
Contents Preface Klaus Schwab,World Economic Forum PART 1:MEASURING THE GLOBAL GENDER GAP The Global Gender Gap Index 2015 49 Appendix A:Regional and Income Group Classifications,2015 51 Appendix B:Spread of Minimum and Maximum Values by Indicator,2015 52 Appendix C:Rankings by Indicator,2015 PART 2:COUNTRY PROFILES 69 List of Countries 71 User's Guide:How Country Profiles Work 80 Country Profiles 371 Contributors 373 Acknowledgements The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 iii
The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 | iii v Preface Klaus Schwab, World Economic Forum PART 1: MEASURING THE GLOBAL GENDER GAP 3 The Global Gender Gap Index 2015 49 Appendix A: Regional and Income Group Classifications, 2015 51 Appendix B: Spread of Minimum and Maximum Values by Indicator, 2015 52 Appendix C: Rankings by Indicator, 2015 PART 2: COUNTRY PROFILES 69 List of Countries 71 User’s Guide: How Country Profiles Work 80 Country Profiles 371 Contributors 373 Acknowledgements Contents
Preface KLAUS SCHWAB Founder and Executive Chairman,World Economic Forum People and their talents are among the core drivers of parity,at 96%,but the gap has widened slightly compared sustainable,long-term economic growth.If half of these to 2006.While the most relative improvement over the last talents are underdeveloped or underutilized,growth decade has been made in Political Empowerment,the and sustainability will be compromised.Moreover, gender gap in this area remains the widest,with only 23% there is a compelling and fundamental values case for being closed. empowering women:women represent one half of the The magnitude of national gender gaps is the global population-they deserve equal access to health, combined result of various socioeconomic,policy and education,earning power and political representation. cultural variables.Governments thus have a leading The current inequalities risk being exacerbated in the role to play as the closure or continuation of these gaps future.The Fourth Industrial Revolution will transform the is intrinsically connected to the framework of national global economy and society in an unprecedented manner. policies in place.The Index does not seek to set priorities Industries are already undergoing profound shifts in their for countries but rather to provide a comprehensive set business models as technology is disrupting current of data and a clear method for tracking gaps on critical methods of production,consumption and delivery.Labour indicators so that countries may set priorities within their markets are also rapidly changing in this context.As a own economic,political and cultural contexts.In addition, result,gender gaps are set to increase in some industries governments must align their efforts with those of business as jobs traditionally held by women become obsolete,while and civil society to foster growth that includes both at the same time opportunities are emerging in wholly new men and women.The World Economic Forum's Global domains.We must clearly understand the progress thus far Challenge on Gender Parity seeks to promote public-private as well as the future outlook to reap the opportunities and cooperation to close gender gaps,based in part on the mitigate the challenges presented by these trends. analytical tools provided by this Report as well as others Through the Global Gender Gap Report,the World We would like to express our appreciation to Yasmina Economic Forum quantifies the magnitude of gender- Bekhouche,Project Lead,Gender Parity Initiative;Paulina based disparities and tracks their progress over time.While Padilla Ugarte,Specialist,Employment and Gender Parity no single measure can capture the complete situation,the Initiatives;Vesselina Ratcheva,Data Analyst,Employment Global Gender Gap Index presented in this Report seeks and Gender Parity Initiatives;and Saadia Zahidi,Head of to measure one important aspect of gender equality:the Employment and Gender Initiatives,for their dedication to relative gaps between women and men across four key this Report.We would also like to thank Lena Woodward. areas:health,education,economy and politics.The Index Valerie Peyre,Kristin Keveloh and Till Leopold for their points to potential role models by revealing those countries support at the World Economic Forum.We are grateful that-within their region or income group-are leaders in for the ongoing support of Ricardo Hausmann,Director, distributing resources more equitably between women and Center for International Development,Harvard University, men,regardless of the overall level of available resources. and Laura D.Tyson,Director of the Institute for Business The Global Gender Gap Index was developed in and Social Impact at the Haas School of Business at the 2006,partially to address the need for a consistent and University of California,Berkeley,and the chair of the Board comprehensive measure for gender equality that can of Trustees of the Blum Center for Developing Economies track a country's progress over time.In some countries, Finally,we welcome the untiring support of the Partners progress is occurring rapidly regardless of starting point of the Global Challenge on Gender Parity and their and income level,but in others,change is much slower commitment to closing gender gaps or negligible.A decade of data has revealed that the It is our hope that this latest edition of the Report will Economic Participation and Opportunity gender gap has serve as a call to action to spur change on an issue that is been closed by 59%,with slow improvements of 3%over central to our future.Ultimately,it is through each individual the past ten years.In Educational Attainment,the gender adapting his or her beliefs and actions that change can gap has decreased compared to 2006 and now stands at occur.We call upon every reader of this Report to join 95%.Health and Survival is the subindex that is closest to these efforts. The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 v
The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 | v People and their talents are among the core drivers of sustainable, long-term economic growth. If half of these talents are underdeveloped or underutilized, growth and sustainability will be compromised. Moreover, there is a compelling and fundamental values case for empowering women: women represent one half of the global population—they deserve equal access to health, education, earning power and political representation. The current inequalities risk being exacerbated in the future. The Fourth Industrial Revolution will transform the global economy and society in an unprecedented manner. Industries are already undergoing profound shifts in their business models as technology is disrupting current methods of production, consumption and delivery. Labour markets are also rapidly changing in this context. As a result, gender gaps are set to increase in some industries as jobs traditionally held by women become obsolete, while at the same time opportunities are emerging in wholly new domains. We must clearly understand the progress thus far as well as the future outlook to reap the opportunities and mitigate the challenges presented by these trends. Through the Global Gender Gap Report, the World Economic Forum quantifies the magnitude of genderbased disparities and tracks their progress over time. While no single measure can capture the complete situation, the Global Gender Gap Index presented in this Report seeks to measure one important aspect of gender equality: the relative gaps between women and men across four key areas: health, education, economy and politics. The Index points to potential role models by revealing those countries that—within their region or income group—are leaders in distributing resources more equitably between women and men, regardless of the overall level of available resources. The Global Gender Gap Index was developed in 2006, partially to address the need for a consistent and comprehensive measure for gender equality that can track a country’s progress over time. In some countries, progress is occurring rapidly regardless of starting point and income level, but in others, change is much slower or negligible. A decade of data has revealed that the Economic Participation and Opportunity gender gap has been closed by 59%, with slow improvements of 3% over the past ten years. In Educational Attainment, the gender gap has decreased compared to 2006 and now stands at 95%. Health and Survival is the subindex that is closest to parity, at 96%, but the gap has widened slightly compared to 2006. While the most relative improvement over the last decade has been made in Political Empowerment, the gender gap in this area remains the widest, with only 23% being closed. The magnitude of national gender gaps is the combined result of various socioeconomic, policy and cultural variables. Governments thus have a leading role to play as the closure or continuation of these gaps is intrinsically connected to the framework of national policies in place. The Index does not seek to set priorities for countries but rather to provide a comprehensive set of data and a clear method for tracking gaps on critical indicators so that countries may set priorities within their own economic, political and cultural contexts. In addition, governments must align their efforts with those of business and civil society to foster growth that includes both men and women. The World Economic Forum’s Global Challenge on Gender Parity seeks to promote public-private cooperation to close gender gaps, based in part on the analytical tools provided by this Report as well as others. We would like to express our appreciation to Yasmina Bekhouche, Project Lead, Gender Parity Initiative; Paulina Padilla Ugarte, Specialist, Employment and Gender Parity Initiatives; Vesselina Ratcheva, Data Analyst, Employment and Gender Parity Initiatives; and Saadia Zahidi, Head of Employment and Gender Initiatives, for their dedication to this Report. We would also like to thank Lena Woodward, Valerie Peyre, Kristin Keveloh and Till Leopold for their support at the World Economic Forum. We are grateful for the ongoing support of Ricardo Hausmann, Director, Center for International Development, Harvard University, and Laura D. Tyson, Director of the Institute for Business and Social Impact at the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley, and the chair of the Board of Trustees of the Blum Center for Developing Economies. Finally, we welcome the untiring support of the Partners of the Global Challenge on Gender Parity and their commitment to closing gender gaps It is our hope that this latest edition of the Report will serve as a call to action to spur change on an issue that is central to our future. Ultimately, it is through each individual adapting his or her beliefs and actions that change can occur. We call upon every reader of this Report to join these efforts. Preface KLAUS SCHWAB Founder and Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum
Part 1 Measuring the Global Gender Gap
Part 1 Measuring the Global Gender Gap