Chapter 3 The Method of Translation Translating methods are undoubtedly the core problems we are confronted with in translatio here are many kinds of translating methods: literal translation, free translation, transliteration and the synthesis of literal translation and free translation and so on. Among these methods, literal translation and free translation are the two main translating methods which are commonly adopted by us. In recent years, the two strategies of translation, domestication and foreignization are put forward. There exists much misunderstanding that foreignization and domestication are literal and free translation. To clarify the misunderstanding, lets distinguish the two pairs of terms I. Literal translation and free translation(直译与意译) Practically there are two kinds of translation. One is literal translation and the other is free translation. In fact, the two methods are both necessary. Sometimes you may use the method of literal translation, sometimes that of free translation, and sometimes both of them be employed 1. Literal translation Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical devices, literal translation must be used. Eg. the long sle(长眠); see god见上帝), see Mark(见马克思), see one' s ancestors(见祖先), go west(归 西), go to heaven(进天国); crocodile tears(鳄鱼的眼泪) be armed to teeth(武装到牙齿 chain reaction(连锁反应; gentle's agreement(君子协定) 2. Free trans ation(also called liberal translation) Free translation does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original. When there xist dissimilarities or great differences between English and Chinese in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and artistic devices, free translation should be employed. Eg At sixes and sevens(乱七八糟 It rains cats and dogs.(大雨滂沱) Don't cross the bridge till you get to it 到了桥边才过桥。(字面直译,费解) 不必担心太早/不必自寻烦恼(意译) Do you see any green in my eye?你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗? We can hardly say which is preferable: literal translation or free translation. Each has its merits and defects(di'fekt]. Some people prefer literal translation. Mr. Lu Xun represents this class of translators. He said, "Rather to be faithful (in thought)than smooth(in Language)And he did as he said. Others like free translation. Mr. Yan Fu had many classical works thus translated, such as The Origin of Species ['spi∫i](《物种起源》) and The Wealth of Nations(《原富》) These are good examples of free translation 事实上,在目前翻译界,有关翻译的方法有更为准确的提法:异化法( foreignizing 16
16 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 3 The Method of Translation Translation Translation Translation Translating methods are undoubtedly the core problems we are confronted with in translation. There are many kinds of translating methods: literal translation, free translation, transliteration and the synthesis of literal translation and free translation and so on. Among these methods, literal literal literal literal translation translation translation translation and free translation translation translation translation are the two main translating methods which are commonly adopted by us. In recent years, the two strategies of translation, domestication omestication omestication omestication and foreignization oreignization oreignization oreignization are put forward. There exists much misunderstanding that foreignization and domestication are literal and free translation. To clarify the misunderstanding, let’s distinguish the two pairs of terms. Ⅰ. Literal translation translation translation translation and free translation translation translation translation (直译与意译) Practically there are two kinds of translation. One is literal translation and the other is free translation. In fact, the two methods are both necessary. Sometimes you may use the method of literal translation, sometimes that of free translation, and sometimes both of them be employed together. 1. Literal Literal Literal Literal translation translation translation translation Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical devices, literal translation must be used…Eg. the long sleep(长眠) ; see God(见上帝); see Mark(见马克思); see one’s ancestors(见祖先); go west(归 西); go to heaven(进天国); crocodile tears(鳄鱼的眼泪); be armed to teeth(武装到牙齿); chain reaction(连锁反应); gentle’s agreement（君子协定） 2. Free translation translation translation translation (also called liberal liberal liberal liberal translation translation translation translation) Free translation does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original. When there exist dissimilarities or great differences between English and Chinese in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and artistic devices, free translation should be employed. Eg. At sixes and sevens (乱七八糟) It rains cats and dogs.（大雨滂沱） Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it. 到了桥边才过桥。（字面直译，费解） 不必担心太早/不必自寻烦恼（意译） Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗？ We can hardly say which is preferable: literal translation or free translation. Each has its merits and defects[di'fekt]. Some people prefer literal translation. Mr. Lu Xun represents this class of translators. He said, “Rather to be faithful (in thought) than smooth (in Language)”.And he did as he said. Others like free translation. Mr. Yan Fu had many classical works thus translated, such as The Origin of Species ['spi:ʃiz] (《物种起源》) and The Wealth of Nations(《原富》). These are good examples of free translation. 事实上，在目前翻译界，有关翻译的方法有更为准确的提法：异化法（foreigninzing
method)和归化法( domesticating method)。正如1995年由美国翻译理论家劳伦斯韦努蒂 ( Lawrence Venuti)在《译者的隐形》( The Translator's Invisibility)一书中提出的,从历史上 来看异化和归化可以视为直译和意译的概念的延伸,但又不完全等同于直译与意译。直译和 意译所关注的核心问题是如何在语言层面处理形式和意义,异化和归化则突破了语言因素 的局限,将视野扩晨到语言、文化和美学等因素。翻译作为一种语际间的交际,不仅是语 言的转换过程,同时也是文化的移植过程。归化与异化是其中一对非常重要的策略和方法 涉及到文化内容的处理 Ⅱ Strategies of Translation( (foreignization and domestication)(另见课本3447内容) 谋事在人,成事在天 Yangs version: Man proposes, Heaven disposes. (foreignization Hawkes'version: Man proposes, God disposes.( domestication (1) In Yangs version foreignization is used because of the use of"Heaven”.在中国古代, 道教、佛教和儒家思想对中国文化产生的影响十分巨大而深远。“天”被中国人顶礼 膜拜,皇帝被总称为“天子”,封建王朝被称为“天朝”。因此汉语中有许多与天有关 的词语。 (2) In hawkes' version domestication is used because of the use of“cod.基督教是西方文 化的一大背景。中世纪时期,基督教被英国人作为国教而信奉,而其他宗教信仰则被当作邪 教。《圣经》的出现和传教士用英语布道使得上帝和人们的生活更加紧密。英语中有许多与 上帝god有关的词语,例如 God bless you!(老天保佑) My god!(我的天哪!) God knows. (天知道!) For god’ s sake!(看在老天的份上!) 西方文化里的上帝是万能的,神圣的,是道德、力量和正义的化身,人民决不能藐视他, 对他不忠诚。而在汉语里,虽然天也是神秘的,但人们可以诅咒它,老天爷有时也不公正 例如“老天爷呀,你为什么不睁眼呀!”表示对上天的不满。 1. Definitions of foreignization and domestication Foreignization is a source language culture oriented translation(异化以原语文化为归宿) which strives to preserve the foreign flavor as much as possible in order to transfer traens'fa: the source language and culture into the target one.异化,即在翻译中要保留 原文语言和文化,让译文语言的读者感受到其他文化的存在与独特魅力。其表现方法在译语 读者看来不合常规的、新奇的,从而产生一种异国情调,即所谓的“洋味”。异化不仅能保 留原文纯语言的形式特色,而且还能引进异域的文化因素。例如,“ to kill two birds with one stone”(一石二鸟)是异化译法,(一箭双雕),(举两得)是归化译法;“ All roads lead to rome”。(条条大路通罗马)是异化译法,(殊途同归)是归化译法。异化提倡译文应当 尽量去适应、照顾原语的文化及原作者的遣词用字习惯,从而丰富译入语语言及文化,较好 地满足译入语读者对译文“异域性“的要求
17 method）和归化法（domesticating method）。正如 1995 年由美国翻译理论家劳伦斯.韦努蒂 （Lawrence Venuti）在《译者的隐形》(The Translator’s Invisibility)一书中提出的，从历史上 来看异化和归化可以视为直译和意译的概念的延伸，但又不完全等同于直译与意译。直译和 意译所关注的核心问题是如何在语言层面处理形式和意义，异化和归化则突破了语言因素 突破了语言因素 突破了语言因素 突破了语言因素 的局限，将视野扩展到语言、文化和美学等因素。 的局限，将视野扩展到语言、文化和美学等因素。 的局限，将视野扩展到语言、文化和美学等因素。 的局限，将视野扩展到语言、文化和美学等因素。翻译作为一种语际间的交际，不仅是语 言的转换过程，同时也是文化的移植过程。归化与异化是其中一对非常重要的策略和方法， 涉及到文化内容的处理。 Ⅱ. Strategies Strategies Strategies Strategies of Translation Translation Translation Translation (foreignization oreignization oreignization oreignization and domestication omestication omestication omestication) （另见课本 34-47 内容） 谋事在人，成事在天 Yang’s version: Man proposes, Heaven disposes. （foreignization） Hawkes’ version: Man proposes, God disposes.（domestication） (1) In Yang’s version foreignization is used because of the use of “Heaven”. 在中国古代， 道教、佛教和儒家思想对中国文化产生的影响十分巨大而深远。“天”被中国人顶礼 膜拜，皇帝被总称为“天子”，封建王朝被称为“天朝”。因此汉语中有许多与天有关 的词语。 (2) In Hawkes’ version domestication is used because of the use of “God”. 基督教是西方文 化的一大背景。中世纪时期，基督教被英国人作为国教而信奉，而其他宗教信仰则被当作邪 教。《圣经》的出现和传教士用英语布道使得上帝和人们的生活更加紧密。英语中有许多与 上帝 god 有关的词语，例如 God bless you!（老天保佑）My god!（我的天哪！）God knows. （天知道！）For god’s sake!（看在老天的份上！） 西方文化里的上帝是万能的，神圣的，是道德、力量和正义的化身，人民决不能藐视他， 对他不忠诚。而在汉语里，虽然天也是神秘的，但人们可以诅咒它，老天爷有时也不公正。 例如“老天爷呀，你为什么不睁眼呀！”表示对上天的不满。 1. Definitions Definitions Definitions Definitions of foreignization oreignization oreignization oreignization and domestication omestication omestication omestication Foreignization Foreignization Foreignization Foreignization is a source language culture oriented translation（异化以原语文化为归宿） which strives to preserve the foreign flavor as much as possible in order to transfer [træns'fə:] the source language and culture into the target one. 异化,即在翻译中要保留 原文语言和文化，让译文语言的读者感受到其他文化的存在与独特魅力。其表现方法在译语 读者看来不合常规的、新奇的，从而产生一种异国情调，即所谓的“洋味”。异化不仅能保 留原文纯语言的形式特色，而且还能引进异域的文化因素。例如, “to kill two birds with one stone”(一石二鸟)是异化译法，（一箭双雕），（一举两得）是归化译法; “All roads lead to Rome”。（条条大路通罗马）是异化译法，（殊途同归）是归化译法。异化提倡译文应当 尽量去适应、照顾原语的文化及原作者的遣词用字习惯，从而丰富译入语语言及文化，较好 地满足译入语读者对译文“异域性“的要求
(1) Literal translation or transliteration(直译或音译) 气功 qigong;功夫 gongfu;叩头 koutou 有时汉语的成语翻译也采取直译的方法,使译文读者得到同原文一样生动、准确的形象 意义。如:画蛇添足 to draw a snake and add feet to it 打草惊蛇 to stir the grass and alert the snake 井底之蛙 to be a frog at the bottom of a well 声东击西 to shout in he east and strike in the west (2) Literal translation with notes(直译加注) pe it Xi shi, a famous beauty in ancient China of the Spring and Autumn Period(770 476B. C) h Su Shi, the other name of the famous eleventh century poet Su Tung-pe (Tr. by Yang Xianyi and gladys Yang) Domestication refers to the target language culture oriented translation(归化是以目的语文 化为归宿) in which unusual expressions to the target culture are exploited(开发,利用)and turned into some familiar ones so as to make the translated text intelligible [in telid3abl](capable of being understood) and easy for the target readers.归化是用带有某些译语文化色彩的词语来 翻译原有词语,其长处在于能使译文读起来比较地道和生动。归化不仅使译文符合译入语的 表达习惯,还要使原文的文化特色符合译入语文化规约。 这次比赛他输得一塌糊涂 He met his Waterloo in this competition.( met his Waterloo如果按照字面直译 为去见滑铁卢,会令汉语读者大惑不解,这个习语的来历与拿破仑有关,矮个子拿破仑一生 叱咤风云,可谓常胜将军,因而在滑铁卢一战遭到惨败,使他无力回天,因此,该习语译为 遭到毁灭性打击,后果不堪设想。) 请勿用物件预留座位。 Seats shall be reserved for warm bodies only 他俩在饭店一向各付各的。 Both of them always go Dutch at the restaurant.(荷兰人喜欢算账,无论和别人 做什么事,都要同对方把账算得清清楚楚,因此逐渐形成了“let’ s go Dutch”让我们做 荷兰人的俗语) 情人眼里出西施。 Beauty is in the eye of the beholder观注着 洗心革面 To turn over a new leaf 山中无老虎,猴子称霸王 among the blind the one-eyed man is king. 现在合同已签了。真是木已成舟,生米煮成熟饭,只好如此了。 As the contract has been signed, what's done is done and can t be undone
18 (1) Literal translation or transliteration(直译或音译) 气功 qigong； 功夫 gongfu;叩头 koutou 有时汉语的成语翻译也采取直译的方法，使译文读者得到同原文一样生动、准确的形象 意义。如： 画蛇添足 to draw a snake and add feet to it 打草惊蛇 to stir the grass and alert the snake 井底之蛙 to be a frog at the bottom of a well 声东击西 to shout in he east and strike in the west (2) Literal translation with notes(直译加注) 西 施 Xi shi, a famous beauty in ancient China of the Spring and Autumn Period(770~476B.C.) 苏轼 Su Shi, the other name of the famous eleventh century poet Su Tung-po. (Tr. by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang) Domestication Domestication Domestication Domestication refers to the target language culture oriented translation（归化是以目的语文 化为归宿）in which unusual expressions to the target culture are exploited（开发,利用） and turned into some familiar ones so as to make the translated text intelligible [in'telidʒəbl] （capable of being understood）and easy for the target readers. 归化是用带有某些译语文化色彩的词语来 翻译原有词语，其长处在于能使译文读起来比较地道和生动。归化不仅使译文符合译入语的 表达习惯，还要使原文的文化特色符合译入语文化规约。 这次比赛他输得一塌糊涂。 He met his Waterloo in this competition. （met his Waterloo 如果按照字面直译 为去见滑铁卢，会令汉语读者大惑不解，这个习语的来历与拿破仑有关，矮个子拿破仑一生 叱咤风云，可谓常胜将军，因而在滑铁卢一战遭到惨败，使他无力回天，因此，该习语译为 遭到毁灭性打击，后果不堪设想。） 请勿用物件预留座位。 Seats shall be reserved for warm bodies only. 他俩在饭店一向各付各的。 Both of them always go Dutch at the restaurant.（荷兰人喜欢算账，无论和别人 做什么事，都要同对方把账算得清清楚楚，因此逐渐形成了 “let’s go Dutch”让我们做 荷兰人的俗语） 情人眼里出西施。 Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.观注者 洗心革面 To turn over a new leaf 山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。 Among the blind the one-eyed man is king. 现在合同已签了。真是木已成舟，生米煮成熟饭，只好如此了。 As the contract has been signed, what’s done is done and can’t be undone
难怪他数学那么好,他父母都是数学教授。“龙生龙,凤生凤,老鼠生儿会打洞“嘛。 No wonder he is so good at maths-his parents are professors of maths. "Like father, like son", indeed 绝大多数译者在将外语译成本族语时,几乎会毫不例外地要对译文作归化处理,而将本 族语译成外语时,异化的成分占了相当大的比例。 归化和异化可以看作是直译和异译的概念的延伸,但并不等同于直译和意译。它们包 含了深刻的文化、文学乃至政治的内涵,将语言层次的讨论延续升格至文化、诗学和政治层 面,是互为补充的翻译政策和方法。不论选择哪种政策,都着眼于读者和社会的需要。既然 翻译是为读者或语言接受者服务,所以归化和异化,都应该尽力为不同的读者架起文化鸿沟 的桥梁 5. Comments and Conclusion Functionalist theory places emphasis on the expected function of texts and translations in this way, domestication and foreignization are not only not incompatible FE B,but should complement with each other. They are just two different strategies of translation, we should not bring them to extremes: What we should do is to draw a balance between the two sides, choosing one does not negate the application of another. That is to say, there is no point to say that one strategy is better than the other, so long as they can serve the intended function of the text in the target language, each of them have their role in 参考资料:1. Text book 2.陈昭卫,《简明翻译教程》国防工业出版社,2006 3朱徵,《汉英翻译教程》重庆大学出版社,2004 III. Exercises 1. What is literal translation? What is free translation? What principles should a translator abide by when applying them to translation? 2. Put the following sentences into Chinese, using either literal or free translation (1)Every life has its roses and thorns (2)He was a dead shot However, he met his waterloo this time ()After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery ground (4)He carried his age astonishing well (5)Shed never again believe anything in trousers (6)Nixon was pleased by the distinction, but not overwhelmed. (7)"I'll have Lisa where I want her. (8)Yet China was a land of constant surprise and shifting impression 3. Translate the passage When the Moon Follows Me(on P. 156)into Chinese. 4. Translate the passage Wuthering Heights(on P. 210)into Chinese
19 难怪他数学那么好，他父母都是数学教授。“龙生龙，凤生凤，老鼠生儿会打洞“嘛。 No wonder he is so good at maths—his parents are professors of maths. “Like father, like son”, indeed. 绝大多数译者在将外语译成本族语时，几乎会毫不例外地要对译文作归化处理，而将本 族语译成外语时，异化的成分占了相当大的比例。 归化和异化可以看作是直译和 异译的概念的延伸，但并不等同于直译和意译。它们包 含了深刻的文化、文学乃至政治的内涵，将语言层次的讨论延续升格至文化、诗学和政治层 面，是互为补充的翻译政策和方法。不论选择哪种政策，都着眼于读者和社会的需要。既然 翻译是为读者或语言接受者服务，所以归化和异化，都应该尽力为不同的读者架起文化鸿沟 的桥梁。 5. Comments and Conclusion Functionalist theory places emphasis on the expected function of texts and translations, in this way, domestication and foreignization are not only not incompatible 矛盾的, but should complement with each other. They are just two different strategies of translation, we should not bring them to extremes: What we should do is to draw a balance between the two sides, choosing one does not negate the application of another. That is to say, there is no point to say that one strategy is better than the other, so long as they can serve the intended function of the text in the target language, each of them have their role in translation. 参考资料：1. Text Book 2. 陈昭卫，《简明翻译教程》国防工业出版社，2006 3.朱徽，《汉英翻译教程》重庆大学出版社，2004 Ⅲ. Exercises Exercises Exercises Exercises 1. What is literal translation? What is free translation? What principles should a translator abide by when applying them to translation? 2. Put the following sentences into Chinese, using either literal or free translation. (1) Every life has its roses and thorns. (2) He was a dead shot. However, he met his Waterloo this time. (3) After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery ground. (4) He carried his age astonishing well. (5) She’d never again believe anything in trousers. (6) Nixon was pleased by the distinction, but not overwhelmed. (7) “I’ll have Lisa where I want her.” (8) Yet China was a land of constant surprise and shifting impression. 3. Translate Translate Translate Translate the passage passage passage passage When the Moon Follows Follows Follows Follows Me (on P.156) into Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese. 4. Translate Translate Translate Translate the passage passage passage passage Wuthering Wuthering Wuthering Wuthering Heights Heights Heights Heights (on P.210) into Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese
延安大学外国语学院教师教案(首页) 主讲教师 李艳 职称 教授 课程性质翻译理论与实践课程是英语教育专业学生的一门专业技能必修课 教学目的使学生可以全面地懂得语言对比规律在翻译中的重要意义 授课内容 第四讲翻译的语言对比规律 教学重点语义的差异、词法的差异、句法的差异、思维的差异 教学难点 句法的差异、思维的差异 课时分配 六学时 教学方法 讲练结合,师生互动。 教学手段 常规教学法 思考题目 英汉思维的差异主要体现在哪几方面,举例说明 作业与辅导(内 按时完成课后练习题,老师将批改完作业之后详细讲评。 容、时间) ①《新编英汉翻译教程》孙致礼,上海外语教育出版社,2003 参考文献 ②《简明翻译教程》陈昭卫,国防工业出版社,2006
20 延安大学外国语学院教师教案（首页） 主讲教师 李 艳 职 称 教 授 课程性质 翻译理论与实践课程是英语教育专业学生的一门专业技能必修课。 教学目的 使学生可以全面地懂得语言对比规律在翻译中的重要意义 授课内容 第四讲 翻译的语言对比规律 教学重点 语义的差异、词法的差异、句法的差异、思维的差异 教学难点 句法的差异、思维的差异 课时分配 六学时 教学方法 讲练结合，师生互动。 教学手段 常规教学法 思考题目 英汉思维的差异主要体现在哪几方面，举例说明 作业与辅导（内 容、时间） 按时完成课后练习题，老师将批改完作业之后详细讲评。 参考文献 ①《新编英汉翻译教程》孙致礼，上海外语教育出版社，2003 ②《简明翻译教程》陈昭卫，国防工业出版社，2006