TABLEOFCONTENTS (Continued)CHAPTER 7LOAD TESTING AND TRANSFER OF LOAD TO THE ANCHOREDSYSTEM137..1377.1 INTRODUCTION7.2 CONCEPTSFORMONITORINGANCHORBONDZONECAPACITY...1377.3 TESTINGANDSTRESSINGEQUIPMENT..1397.3.1.139General.1407.3.2Equipment Used in Load Testing7.3.2.1..140Hydraulic Jack and Pump7.3.2.2..141Stressing Anchorage.7.3.2.3.142Pressure Gauges and Load Cells .7.3.2.4.142Dial Gauge to Measure Movement...1427.3.2.5Jack Chair..1427.4 ANCHORLOAD TESTING.7.4.1142Introductior..1437.4.2Performance Tests7.4.2.1.143General7.4.2.2.143Procedures for Performance Test7.4.2.3..145RecordingofPerformanceTestData.7.4.2.4..146Analysis of Performance Test Data .7.4.3ProofTests.1477.4.3.1General1477.4.3.2Proof Test Procedures and Recording and Analysis of Proof Test Data....147.7.4.4Extended CreepTesting.1487.4.4.1.148General7.4.4.2Procedures for Extended Creep Test..148..1497.4.4.3Recording and Analysis of Extended Creep Test Data.7.4.5 Acceptance Criteria.1507.4.5.1.150General.7.4.5.2.150Creep.7.4.5.3.150Apparent Free Length.ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) ix CHAPTER 7 LOAD TESTING AND TRANSFER OF LOAD TO THE ANCHORED SYSTEM.137 7.1 INTRODUCTION.137 7.2 CONCEPTS FOR MONITORING ANCHOR BOND ZONE CAPACITY.137 7.3 TESTING AND STRESSING EQUIPMENT.139 7.3.1 General.139 7.3.2 Equipment Used in Load Testing .140 7.3.2.1 Hydraulic Jack and Pump.140 7.3.2.2 Stressing Anchorage.141 7.3.2.3 Pressure Gauges and Load Cells .142 7.3.2.4 Dial Gauge to Measure Movement .142 7.3.2.5 Jack Chair .142 7.4 ANCHOR LOAD TESTING.142 7.4.1 Introduction.142 7.4.2 Performance Tests.143 7.4.2.1 General.143 7.4.2.2 Procedures for Performance Test .143 7.4.2.3 Recording of Performance Test Data.145 7.4.2.4 Analysis of Performance Test Data.146 7.4.3 Proof Tests.147 7.4.3.1 General.147 7.4.3.2 Proof Test Procedures and Recording and Analysis of Proof Test Data.147 7.4.4 Extended Creep Testing.148 7.4.4.1 General.148 7.4.4.2 Procedures for Extended Creep Test.148 7.4.4.3 Recording and Analysis of Extended Creep Test Data.149 7.4.5 Acceptance Criteria .150 7.4.5.1 General.150 7.4.5.2 Creep.150 7.4.5.3 Apparent Free Length.150
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)7.4.5.4Ground Anchor Acceptance Decision Tree.1527.4.5.5.154Modification of Design or Installation Procedures...1547.5 ANCHORLOCK-OFFLOAD7.6 LIFT-OFFTESTING155CHAPTER 8CONTRACTINGAPPROACHES.1568.1INTRODUCTION....156.1578.2METHODCONTRACTINGAPPROACH8.2.1 Introduction1578.2.2Contract Documents for Method Approach..158..1598.3PERFORMANCECONTRACTINGAPPROACH.8.3.1Introduction.159.1598.3.2ImplementingPerformanceContractingApproach8.3.2.1.159 Pre-bid Wall Design8.3.2.2Pre-bid Typical Section Design...1608.3.2.3160Post-bid Wall Design.1618.3.3Contract Documents for Performance Approach8.3.4Review and Approval..1628.4 CONTRACTOR DESIGN/BUILDAPPROACH..1638.5RECOMMENDATIONS..163CHAPTER 9CONSTRUCTIONINSPECTIONANDPERFORMANCE..164MONITORING...1649.1INTRODUCTION9.2INSPECTIONROLESUNDERCERTAINCONTRACTAPPROACHES...164..1659.3PRE-PROJECTPREPARATION.1659.4INSPECTIONOFCONSTRUCTIONMATERIALS9.4.1 Introduction...165.1669.4.2 Inspection of Wall Materials9.4.3Inspection ofGround AnchorMaterials.1669.4.4Storage and Handling of Construction Materials167x
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) x 7.4.5.4 Ground Anchor Acceptance Decision Tree.152 7.4.5.5 Modification of Design or Installation Procedures.154 7.5 ANCHOR LOCK-OFF LOAD .154 7.6 LIFT-OFF TESTING.155 CHAPTER 8 CONTRACTING APPROACHES .156 8.1 INTRODUCTION.156 8.2 METHOD CONTRACTING APPROACH.157 8.2.1 Introduction.157 8.2.2 Contract Documents for Method Approach.158 8.3 PERFORMANCE CONTRACTING APPROACH.159 8.3.1 Introduction.159 8.3.2 Implementing Performance Contracting Approach.159 8.3.2.1 Pre-bid Wall Design.159 8.3.2.2 Pre-bid Typical Section Design.160 8.3.2.3 Post-bid Wall Design .160 8.3.3 Contract Documents for Performance Approach.161 8.3.4 Review and Approval.162 8.4 CONTRACTOR DESIGN/BUILD APPROACH.163 8.5 RECOMMENDATIONS.163 CHAPTER 9 CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION AND PERFORMANCE MONITORING.164 9.1 INTRODUCTION .164 9.2 INSPECTION ROLES UNDER CERTAIN CONTRACT APPROACHES .164 9.3 PRE-PROJECT PREPARATION .165 9.4 INSPECTION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS .165 9.4.1 Introduction.165 9.4.2 Inspection of Wall Materials.166 9.4.3 Inspection of Ground Anchor Materials .166 9.4.4 Storage and Handling of Construction Materials.167
TABLEOFCONTENTS (Continued)9.5INSPECTIONOFCONSTRUCTIONACTIVITIES..1679.5.1.167Surface-Water Control.福9.5.2Vertical Wall Element Installation..1689.5.2.1Drilled-in Soldier Beams.1689.5.2.2Driven Soldier Beams...1689.5.2.3.169Sheet-Piles.9.5.3.169Excavation9.5.4..169AnchorConstruction9.5.4.1..169Introduction.9.5.4.2Anchor Hole Drilling.1709.5.4.3170Tendon Insertior9.5.4.4..171Anchor Grouting...9.5.4.5..172Anchorage Installation..1739.5.5Ancillary Wall Element Installation..1739.5.5.1Timber Lagging Installation.9.5.5.2.173Wall Drainage System Installation.9.5.5.3.173Horizontal Drains..1749.5.5.4Permanent Facing Installation..1749.6SHORT-TERMANDLONG-TERMMONITORING..9.6.1Monitoring of AnchorLoad Tests..174.1759.6.2Short-TermMonitoringofWall Performance9.6.3 Long-TermMonitoring..176REFERENCESBIBLIOGRAPHYxi
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) xi 9.5 INSPECTION OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES.167 9.5.1 Surface-Water Control.167 9.5.2 Vertical Wall Element Installation.168 9.5.2.1 Drilled-in Soldier Beams.168 9.5.2.2 Driven Soldier Beams.168 9.5.2.3 Sheet-Piles.169 9.5.3 Excavation.169 9.5.4 Anchor Construction.169 9.5.4.1 Introduction.169 9.5.4.2 Anchor Hole Drilling.170 9.5.4.3 Tendon Insertion.170 9.5.4.4 Anchor Grouting .171 9.5.4.5 Anchorage Installation.172 9.5.5 Ancillary Wall Element Installation.173 9.5.5.1 Timber Lagging Installation.173 9.5.5.2 Wall Drainage System Installation.173 9.5.5.3 Horizontal Drains .173 9.5.5.4 Permanent Facing Installation.174 9.6 SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM MONITORING.174 9.6.1 Monitoring of Anchor Load Tests.174 9.6.2 Short-Term Monitoring of Wall Performance.175 9.6.3 Long-Term Monitoring.176 REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)APPENDIXAPPENDIXADesignExamplesAPPENDIX BDevelopment of Wang-Reese EquationsAPPENDIXCExampleCalculationof BendingMomentforWall in WeakCohesiveSoilAPPENDIXDPredesignLoadTestingProcedurestoEvaluateUltimateGroundAnchorLoadAPPENDIXESpecification for Ground AnchorsAPPENDIXFSpecificationsfor Anchored Sheet-pile or Soldier Beam and Lagging Wallxii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) xii APPENDIX APPENDIX A Design Examples APPENDIX B Development of Wang - Reese Equations APPENDIX C Example Calculation of Bending Moment for Wall in Weak Cohesive Soil APPENDIX D Predesign Load Testing Procedures to Evaluate Ultimate Ground Anchor Load APPENDIX E Specification for Ground Anchors APPENDIX F Specifications for Anchored Sheet-pile or Soldier Beam and Lagging Wall
LISTOFTABLESTablePage-Soil density/consistency description based on SPT blowcount values (after AASHTO,241988)225Summaryofcommoninsitutestsforsoils.3Typical factors influencing bond stress transfer for small diameter ground anchors ....304Typical design steps for an anchored wall (modified after FHWA-RD-81-150, 1982)....475Summary of trapezoidal apparentpressureenvelopesfortemporaryexcavations in stiff to53hard clays6Presumptive ultimate values of load transfer for preliminary design of small diameter71straight shaft gravity-grouted ground anchors in soil7Presumptive average ultimate bond stress for ground/grout interface along anchor bond73zone(afterPTL1996)8Presumptive ultimate values of load transfer for preliminary design of ground anchors in74roc9Propertiesofprestressingsteelbars(ASTMA722).7710Properties of 15-mm diameter prestressing steel strands (ASTM A 416, Grade 270(metric1860))..7811.78Guidance relationship between tendon size and trumpet opening size12Recommended thickness of temporary timber lagging (after FHWA-RD-75-130, 1976)8213Maximum design bending moments for wales and permanent facing (after AASHTO,831996)14Recommended factors of safety for axial capacity.90ofdrivenanddrilled-insoldierbeams15Bearing capacity factors for evaluation of end bearing in drilled shafts in clays ....9516Procedure to evaluate total lateral earth load using slope stability computer.98programsxili
xiii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Soil density/consistency description based on SPT blowcount values (after AASHTO, 1988) .24 2 Summary of common in situ tests for soils.25 3 Typical factors influencing bond stress transfer for small diameter ground anchors.30 4 Typical design steps for an anchored wall (modified after FHWA-RD-81-150, 1982).47 5 Summary of trapezoidal apparent pressure envelopes for temporary excavations in stiff to hard clays.53 6 Presumptive ultimate values of load transfer for preliminary design of small diameter straight shaft gravity-grouted ground anchors in soil.71 7 Presumptive average ultimate bond stress for ground/grout interface along anchor bond zone (after PTI, 1996) .73 8 Presumptive ultimate values of load transfer for preliminary design of ground anchors in rock.74 9 Properties of prestressing steel bars (ASTM A722).77 10 Properties of 15-mm diameter prestressing steel strands (ASTM A 416, Grade 270 (metric 1860)).78 11 Guidance relationship between tendon size and trumpet opening size.78 12 Recommended thickness of temporary timber lagging (after FHWA-RD-75-130, 1976)82 13 Maximum design bending moments for wales and permanent facing (after AASHTO, 1996) .83 14 Recommended factors of safety for axial capacity of driven and drilled-in soldier beams.90 15 Bearing capacity factors for evaluation of end bearing in drilled shafts in clays .95 16 Procedure to evaluate total lateral earth load using slope stability computer programs.98