Summary-1 Carbon-halogen bonds may be formed either from electrophilic carbon species, e.g. carbocations, and halide ions or by interaction of a carbon nucleophile and a positive halogen species or a halogen iat radical ·形成C或可通过亲电的碳原子物种,如碳正离 子,和卤离子反应,或可通过亲核的碳与正电荷 的卤素物种或卤素自由基反应
Summary-1 • 形成C-X或可通过亲电的碳原子物种，如碳正离 子，和卤离子反应，或可通过亲核的碳与正电荷 的卤素物种或卤素自由基反应
Summary- 2 Carbon-oxygen bonds are usually formed from electrophilic carbon,G species and oxygen nucleophiles: the latter may either be anionic (egy Ro)or uncharged(e. g. H2O). Peroxides and peroxy-acids, however, provide sources of electrophilic oxygen(they are synthetic equivalents of Ho* or Ro*) which react with nucleophilic carbon species. O3s ·C-○键常常是通过亲电碳物种和氧亲核试剂反应 而形成,后者或是阴离子(如RO-)或不带电荷(如 H2o)
Summary-2 • C-O键常常是通过亲电碳物种和氧亲核试剂反应 而形成，后者或是阴离子(如RO-)或不带电荷(如 H2O)
Summary-3 Carbon-sulfur bonds may be formed from electrophilic carbon species and sulfur nucleophiles(hs" or RS ) however, sulfur trioxide(as in sulfonation) and sulfonyl halides are sulfur electrophiles which react at nucleophilic carbon. Carbon-selenium bonds may also be formed by reactions involving both electrophil and nucleophilic selenium ·C-S键可以通过亲电的碳原子物种和含硫原子的 亲核试剂(HS或RS)反应而得;然而,硫的三氧 化物(正如在磺化反应中)和磺酰氯是亲电试剂, 可以和亲电的碳反应。碳-硒键可通过涉及亲电试 剂和亲核硒试剂的反应来形成
Summary-3 • C-S键可以通过亲电的碳原子物种和含硫原子的 亲核试剂(HS-或RS-)反应而得；然而，硫的三氧 化物(正如在磺化反应中)和磺酰氯是亲电试剂， 可以和亲电的碳反应。碳-硒键可通过涉及亲电试 剂和亲核硒试剂的反应来形成
Summary- 4 Carbon-nitrogen bonds may be formed by interaction of carboni electrophiles with nitrogen nucleophiles(aInines rather than amide ions). Nitration and nitrosation involve the reaction of electrophilic nitrogen species[NOi and NO*(or R-N=O), respectively] at a 9 nucleophilic carbon. ·C-N键可以通过碳亲电试剂与氮亲核试剂(是胺离 子而不是酰胺离子)相互作用而形成。硝化和亚硝 化涉及到亲电氮物种分别为NO2和NO+(或R N=O)]在亲核碳原子上的反应
Summary-4 • C-N键可以通过碳亲电试剂与氮亲核试剂(是胺离 子而不是酰胺离子)相互作用而形成。硝化和亚硝 化涉及到亲电氮物种[分别为NO2+和NO+ (或RN=O) ]在亲核碳原子上的反应
Summary-5 Carbon-phosphorus bond-forming reactions usually involve 4 nucleophilic phosphorus and electrophilic carbon species, although in the reactions of phosphorus halides, e.g. with organometallic A reagents, the phosphorus then provides the electrophilic component ·C-P键的形成常常涉及到亲核的磷试剂与亲电碳 物种,在磷卤化物的反应中,P是作为亲电组分 如与有机金属试剂反应时
Summary-5 • C-P键的形成常常涉及到亲核的磷试剂与亲电碳 物种，在磷卤化物的反应中，P是作为亲电组分 – 如与有机金属试剂反应时