CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Human body 10. The armpit is technically known as the 11. The anterior portion of the elbow known as the an important site for withdrawal of venous blood. 12. A lung is contained within a cavity, which, in turn, is contained within the thoracic cavity 13. Mucus is secreted by membranes. and serous fluid is secreted b membranes support abdominopelvic viscera in a pendent fashion hus enabling peristalsis is a directional term meaning"away from the head"or toward the lower portion of the body. Matching Match the descriptions with the body planes or directional terms 1. Toward a central reference point (a) dorsal 2. Perpendicular to the craniocaudal axis (b) cranial or superior 3. Divides the body into right and left halves (c) 4. Toward the back (e) lateral 6. Away from the midsagittal pla (anterior 7. Upper surface of the body (g)posterior 8. Toward the front (h) caudal or int enor 9. Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions 10. Toward the feet o proximal 11. Away from a central reference point (k)coronal plane 12. Toward the midsagittal plane ng Label the body regions indicated on the figure to the right. 6 7 9
10. The armpit is technically known as the ___________________________________. 11. The anterior portion of the elbow known as the ___________________________________ fossa is an important site for withdrawal of venous blood. 12. A lung is contained within a ___________________________________ cavity, which, in turn, is contained within the thoracic cavity. 13. Mucus is secreted by ___________________________________ membranes, and serous fluid is secreted by ___________________________________ membranes. 14. ___________________________________ support abdominopelvic viscera in a pendent fashion, thus enabling peristalsis. 15. ___________________________________ is a directional term meaning “away from the head” or “toward the lower portion of the body.” Matching Match the descriptions with the body planes or directional terms. _____ 1. Toward a central reference point (a) dorsal _____ 2. Perpendicular to the craniocaudal axis (b) cranial or superior _____ 3. Divides the body into right and left halves (c) transverse plane _____ 4. Toward the back (d) distal _____ 5. Toward the head (e) lateral _____ 6. Away from the midsagittal plane (f) anterior _____ 7. Upper surface of the body (g) posterior _____ 8. Toward the front (h) caudal or inferior _____ 9. Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions (i) medial _____ 10. Toward the feet (j) proximal _____ 11. Away from a central reference point (k) coronal plane _____ 12. Toward the midsagittal plane (l) midsagittal plane Labeling Label the body regions indicated on the figure to the right. 1. ___________________________________ 2. ___________________________________ 3. ___________________________________ 4. ___________________________________ 5. ___________________________________ 6. ___________________________________ 7. ___________________________________ 8. ___________________________________ 9. ___________________________________ 10. ___________________________________ CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Human Body 15
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Human body able Completion From the information provided, complete each row of the following table SYSTEM PRINCIPAL ORGANS FUNCTIONS Nose, pharynx, larynx Processes ingested foods for cellular use liminates undigested waste Kid ureters. urethra Supports, protects, and permits body movement;sites of hematopoiesis ( manufacture of blood cell Muscular system Brain, spinal cord, nerves Chemically controls and integrates many body activities Reproductive sys Answers and Explanations for Review Exercises Multiple Choice 1.(b) Cytology is the study of cells and their functions. Because the production of secretory products involves cellular metabolic functions, it is considered an aspect of cytology 2.(c) The integumentary system includes all of the outer surface structures of the body: the epidermis and the epidermal structures(hair, nails, and glands) 3.(a),(b) Both the endocrine system and the nervous system participate in controlling and coordinating the functions of the body. The effect of the nervous system is quicker, but the effect of the endocrine system 4.(d) The term cervical refers to anything pertaining to the neck or a necklike region of an organ 5.(c)In addition, the persons palms would be forward, with the arms and legs straight 6.(a) Because the palm is forward in the anatomical position, the thumb is on the lateral, or radial, side of 7.(b) Bone is a type of connective tissue(see chapter 4) 8.(d)The lining of the oral cavity(mouth) derives from ectoderm and is stratified squamous epithelium All serous membranes derive from mesoderm and are simple squamous epithelium(see chapter 4) 9.(b)All body structures are adapted to the specific function they perform, and when the structure is severely damaged or malformed, the function often cannot be performed 10.(a) All vertebrates(animals with vertebral columns) are chordates, but not all chordates develop vertebrae 11.(c) The heart, lungs, and trachea are contained in the thoracic cavity, superior to the abdominal cavity 12.(a)The spinal cavity is contained within the posterior cavity 13.(e)The term ante means"before or preceding; the term brachium means"arm. 14.(b) Retroperitoneal organs are located behind the serous lining of the abdominal cavity. The kidneys are within the abdominal cavity but behind the parietal peritoneum 15.(a) The brachium within the upper extremity corresponds in position to the thigh of the lower extremity
Answers and Explanations for Review Exercises Multiple Choice 1. (b) Cytology is the study of cells and their functions. Because the production of secretory products involves cellular metabolic functions, it is considered an aspect of cytology. 2. (c) The integumentary system includes all of the outer surface structures of the body: the epidermis and the epidermal structures (hair, nails, and glands). 3. (a), (b) Both the endocrine system and the nervous system participate in controlling and coordinating the functions of the body. The effect of the nervous system is quicker, but the effect of the endocrine system is longer lasting. 4. (d) The term cervical refers to anything pertaining to the neck or a necklike region of an organ. 5. (c) In addition, the person’s palms would be forward, with the arms and legs straight. 6. (a) Because the palm is forward in the anatomical position, the thumb is on the lateral, or radial, side of the upper extremity. 7. (b) Bone is a type of connective tissue (see chapter 4). 8. (d) The lining of the oral cavity (mouth) derives from ectoderm and is stratified squamous epithelium. All serous membranes derive from mesoderm and are simple squamous epithelium (see chapter 4). 9. (b) All body structures are adapted to the specific function they perform, and when the structure is severely damaged or malformed, the function often cannot be performed. 10. (a) All vertebrates (animals with vertebral columns) are chordates, but not all chordates develop vertebrae. 11. (c) The heart, lungs, and trachea are contained in the thoracic cavity, superior to the abdominal cavity. 12. (a) The spinal cavity is contained within the posterior cavity. 13. (e) The term ante means “before or preceding”; the term brachium means “arm.” 14. (b) Retroperitoneal organs are located behind the serous lining of the abdominal cavity. The kidneys are within the abdominal cavity but behind the parietal peritoneum. 15. (a) The brachium within the upper extremity corresponds in position to the thigh of the lower extremity. 16 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Human Body Table Completion From the information provided, complete each row of the following table. SYSTEM PRINCIPAL ORGANS FUNCTIONS Circulatory system Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs Processes ingested foods for cellular use; eliminates undigested wastes Kidney, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra Supports, protects, and permits body movement; sites of hematopoiesis (manufacture of blood cells) Muscular system Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs Chemically controls and integrates many body activities Reproductive system
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Human body 16.(c)Distal means"farther from the center body mass, " as the knee is to the hip 17.(e) The diaphragm is a muscular partition that moves up and down with expiration and inspiration of air. All the abdominal organs lie beneath the diaphragm, and only the lungs and organs of the mediastinum lie above it 18.(b)Hormones are chemicals released into the blood by endocrine glands. They influence the metabolism of target tissues or organs that are usually relatively distant from the gland releasing the hormone 19.(a) The parietal peritoneum lines the inner side of the abdominal cavity wall and would always be cut first in any abdominal surgery. 20.(c)A transverse plane would give a cross-sectional view of the organs in the neck, showing clearly the spatial relationship between the various structures. 21.(d) Superficial means"near the outer surface of the body" deep means"internal with respect to the surface of the body:” 22.(b)The pleural cavity is formed by the serous membrane surrounding the lungs(the visceral pleura) The pleural cavity is inside the thoracic cavity, which is part of the anterior cavity. 23.(c) Because the diaphragm forms the dividing wall between the two cavities, and because the parietal membranes always line the inner cavity walls, the parietal pleura lines the superior surface of the diaphragm, and the parietal peritoneum lines the inferior surface of the diaphragm 24.(c) The systems output is entered into the system, where it inhibits further output. 25.(b)Only the lungs are contained in the pleural cavity, and the aorta carrying the blood must pass through the abdominal cavity before reaching the pelvic cavity True or False 4. False; the palms are facing forward, and the thumbs are lateral 5. False; a sagittal plane divides the body into right and left portions; a midsagittal plane divides the body into right and left haves 6. True 7. False: serous membranes secrete a lubricating serous fluid around a lung 8. False; but sweating following exercise is a feedback phenomenon 9. False: mesenteries loosely attach the viscera in a pendent fashion to permit peristalsis 10. True ll. False: visceral organs are also contained within the thoracic cavity. 13. True 15. True Completion 3. tissue 7. Negative tegumentary 8. anatomical
16. (c) Distal means “farther from the center body mass,” as the knee is to the hip. 17. (e) The diaphragm is a muscular partition that moves up and down with expiration and inspiration of air. All the abdominal organs lie beneath the diaphragm, and only the lungs and organs of the mediastinum lie above it. 18. (b) Hormones are chemicals released into the blood by endocrine glands. They influence the metabolism of target tissues or organs that are usually relatively distant from the gland releasing the hormone. 19. (a) The parietal peritoneum lines the inner side of the abdominal cavity wall and would always be cut first in any abdominal surgery. 20. (c) A transverse plane would give a cross-sectional view of the organs in the neck, showing clearly the spatial relationship between the various structures. 21. (d) Superficial means “near the outer surface of the body”; deep means “internal with respect to the surface of the body.” 22. (b) The pleural cavity is formed by the serous membrane surrounding the lungs (the visceral pleura). The pleural cavity is inside the thoracic cavity, which is part of the anterior cavity. 23. (c) Because the diaphragm forms the dividing wall between the two cavities, and because the parietal membranes always line the inner cavity walls, the parietal pleura lines the superior surface of the diaphragm, and the parietal peritoneum lines the inferior surface of the diaphragm. 24. (c) The system’s output is entered into the system, where it inhibits further output. 25. (b) Only the lungs are contained in the pleural cavity, and the aorta carrying the blood must pass through the abdominal cavity before reaching the pelvic cavity. True or False 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False; the palms are facing forward, and the thumbs are lateral. 5. False; a sagittal plane divides the body into right and left portions; a midsagittal plane divides the body into right and left haves. 6. True 7. False; serous membranes secrete a lubricating serous fluid around a lung. 8. False; but sweating following exercise is a feedback phenomenon. 9. False; mesenteries loosely attach the viscera in a pendent fashion to permit peristalsis. 10. True 11. False; visceral organs are also contained within the thoracic cavity. 12. True 13. True 14. True 15. True Completion 1. Chordata 5. endocrine 2. Homo sapiens 6. Homeostasis 3. tissue 7. Negative 4. integumentary 8. anatomical CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Human Body 17
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Human body 10. axilla 14. Mesenteries 15. Inferior(caudal) Matching 8. 9.(k) 4.(g) 10.(h) 6.(e) Labeling 3. Thorax 8. Pubic area 4. Axilla 9. Thigh 5. Breast 10. Leg TABLE Completion SYSTEM PRINCIPAL ORGANS FUNCTIONS Circulatory system Heart, blood vessels, spleen, Transports materials via blood; regulates lymphatics cid-base balance; protects against disease and fluid loss espiratory system Nose, pharynx, larynx, Supplies O, to the blood and eliminates CO helps regulate acid-base balance Digestive system Tongue, teeth, pharynx, Processes ingested foods for cellular use esophagus, stomach, small eliminates undigested wastes intestine and large intestine Urinary system Kidney, urinary bladder, Filters blood; regulates chemical composition, ureters, urethra fluid volume, and electrolyte balance Skeletal syster Bones, cartilage, joints, an Supports, protects, and permits body (manufacture of blood cells) Muscular system Muscles and tendons Causes body movement; maintains posture, produces body heat Nervous system Brain, spinal cord, nerves, Responds to environmental changes: enables Sense organs easoning and memory; regulates Endocrine system Endocrine glands(pituitary Chemically controls and integrates many gland, thymus, pancreas body activities adrenal glands, gonads, etc. Reproductive system Gonads an organs Produces gametes and sex hormones reproduces the organism
9. midsagittal 13. mucous, serous 10. axilla 14. Mesenteries 11. cubital 15. Inferior (caudal) 12. pleural Matching 1. (j) 7. (a) 2. (c) 8. (f) 3. (l) 9. (k) 4. (g) 10. (h) 5. (b) 11. (d) 6. (e) 12. (i) Labeling 1. Head 6. Cubital region 2. Neck 7. Abdomen 3. Thorax 8. Pubic area 4. Axilla 9. Thigh 5. Breast 10. Leg 18 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Human Body TABLE Completion SYSTEM PRINCIPAL ORGANS FUNCTIONS Circulatory system Heart, blood vessels, spleen, Transports materials via blood; regulates lymphatics acid–base balance; protects against disease and fluid loss Respiratory system Nose, pharynx, larynx, Supplies O2 to the blood and eliminates CO2; trachea, lungs helps regulate acid–base balance Digestive system Tongue, teeth, pharynx, Processes ingested foods for cellular use; esophagus, stomach, small eliminates undigested wastes intestine and large intestine; liver and pancreas Urinary system Kidney, urinary bladder, Filters blood; regulates chemical composition, ureters, urethra fluid volume, and electrolyte balance of blood Skeletal system Bones, cartilage, joints, and Supports, protects, and permits body ligaments movement; sites of hematopoiesis (manufacture of blood cells) Muscular system Muscles and tendons Causes body movement; maintains posture, produces body heat Nervous system Brain, spinal cord, nerves, Responds to environmental changes; enables sense organs reasoning and memory; regulates body activities Endocrine system Endocrine glands (pituitary Chemically controls and integrates many gland, thymus, pancreas, body activities adrenal glands, gonads, etc.) Reproductive system Gonads and genital organs Produces gametes and sex hormones; reproduces the organism
CHAPTER 2 Cellular chemistry Objective A To identify by name and symbol the principal chemical elements of the body nits called chemical elements. of the 118 chemical elements, 92 are naturally occurring, and 22 of these are present in significant amounts in most animal tissues. The chemical composition of the human body is summarized in table 2.1 TABLE 2.1 Chemical Composition of the body CHEMICAL ELEMENTS So BODY COMPOSITION Carbon(C Nitrogen(N) 96% Oxygen(O) Hydrogen(H) Calcium(Ca) Phosphorus(P) Potassium(K Sulfur(s) Iron(Fe) Chlorine(Cl) Trace quantities Iodine (I Sodium(Na) Manganese(Mn) Cobalt(Co) Zinc(zn) Chromium(Cr) Fluorine(F) olybdenum(Mo) Silicon(Si) Tin(Sn) 2.1 Define atom and molecule and distinguish between these terms An atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical properties. Every pure element is com- posed of only one kind of atom. For example, carbon, a key element in a living system, is composed of A molecule is a combination of two or more atoms, joined by chemical bonds. Molecules may consist of atoms of the same element(as in the oxygen molecule, O, )or of atoms of different elements(as in the hydrogen sulfide molecule, H,S). Just as atoms are the smallest units of a chemical element, molecules are the smallest unit of a chemical compound. Water is a chemical compound that is essential for life. It consists of molecules, each containing one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms(H,O) Chemistry is sometimes called the central science, as its principles are central to understanding all aspects of science, including biology and physiology. Chemistry is vitally important in the training of health care workers. To understand the function and nd molecules and how they interact in the body. Pharmacology is the science of drugs, including their composition, uses, and effects on the body. Drugs are chemical compounds that have specific effects on the bodys mechanisms
CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 2 19 Cellular Chemistry Objective A To identify by name and symbol the principal chemical elements of the body. All matter, living and nonliving, consists of building units called chemical elements. Of the 118 chemical elements, 92 are naturally occurring, and 22 of these are present in significant amounts in most animal tissues. The chemical composition of the human body is summarized in table 2.1. Survey TABLE 2.1 Chemical Composition of the Body CHEMICAL ELEMENTS % BODY COMPOSITION Carbon (C) Nitrogen (N) 96% Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H) Calcium (Ca) Phosphorus (P) 3% Potassium (K) Sulfur (S) Iron (Fe) Chlorine (Cl) Trace quantities Iodine (I) Sodium (Na) Magnesium (Mg) Copper (Cu) Manganese (Mn) Cobalt (Co) Zinc (Zn) Chromium (Cr) Fluorine (F) Molybdenum (Mo) Silicon (Si) Tin (Sn) 2.1 Define atom and molecule and distinguish between these terms. An atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical properties. Every pure element is composed of only one kind of atom. For example, carbon, a key element in a living system, is composed of only carbon atoms. A molecule is a combination of two or more atoms, joined by chemical bonds. Molecules may consist of atoms of the same element (as in the oxygen molecule, O2 ) or of atoms of different elements (as in the hydrogen sulfide molecule, H2S). Just as atoms are the smallest units of a chemical element, molecules are the smallest unit of a chemical compound. Water is a chemical compound that is essential for life. It consists of molecules, each containing one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms (H2 O). Chemistry is sometimes called the central science, as its principles are central to understanding all aspects of science, including biology and physiology. Chemistry is vitally important in the training of health care workers. To understand the function and even the dysfunction of the body, a person must understand the component atoms and molecules and how they interact in the body. Pharmacology is the science of drugs, including their composition, uses, and effects on the body. Drugs are chemical compounds that have specific effects on the body’s mechanisms