SCHAUMS outlines Problem Solved Human Anatomy and Physiology Third edition 470 fully solved pr roblems a Concise explanations of all course concepts a Complete coverage of the human body s tissues, organs, systems nd physical and chemical processes USE WITH THESE COURSES Anatomy Physiology Anatomy and Physiology . Introduction to Anatomy Introduction to Physiology Anatomy and Physiology for the health professions Kent M. Van De Graaff, Ph D..R. Ward Rhees, Ph D. Sidney Palmer, Ph.D
SCHAUMS outlines Human Anatomy and Physiology Third edition Kent M van De graaff ph.D. Professor of Zoology, Weber State University R Ward rhees, ph D. Professor of Zoology, Brigham Young University Sidney L. Palmer, Ph.D. Chair, Department of Biology, Brigham Young University-ldaho Schaum's Outline series M New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul
Human Anatomy and Physiology Third Edition Kent M. Van De Graaff, Ph.D. Professor of Zoology, Weber State University R. Ward Rhees, Ph.D. Professor of Zoology, Brigham Young University Sidney L. Palmer, Ph.D. Chair, Department of Biology, Brigham Young University–Idaho Schaum’s Outline Series New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
Copyright o 2010, 1997, 1987 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN:978-0-07-162331-5 MHID:007-162331-0 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-162330-8, MHID: 0-07-162330-2 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademark name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programsTocontactarepresentativepleasee-mailusatbulksales@mcgraw-hill.com TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ("McGraw-Hill)and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, dis- tribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hills prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your night to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED"AS IS. MCGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUD. ING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WAR- RANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequen- tial or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort
Copyright © 2010, 1997, 1987 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-162331-5 MHID: 0-07-162331-0 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-162330-8, MHID: 0-07-162330-2. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please e-mail us at bulksales@mcgraw-hill.com. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise
Preface to the third edition The third edition of Schaum s Outline of Human Anatomy and Physiology continues the commitment of previous editions of combining effective and carefully selected illustrations with concise and up-to-date anatomical and physiological descriptions. Careful attention has been paid to recent advances in the fast-paced field of medically and clinically significant physiological processes as well as the use of appro- priate and current anatomical terminology Pedagogical features and conventions introduced in previous editions have been retained and updated. The art program has been evaluated and where necessary, new illustrations have been added or altered to enhance the visual learning. Tables and charts throughout the text have been updated to improve read- ability and clarity. As with previous editions, key clinical terms and a comprehensive index are available In addition to the artists who provided the majority of illustrations and line drawings for past editions, we wish to thank Jacob Hernandez and Sean Higgins for their assistance with preparing the revision man- uscripts, helping with illustration changes, and preparing the index. We are grateful to associate editor Kimberly-Ann Eaton and production editor Richard rothschild and their staffs for their excellent encour- agement, assistance, and guidance SIDNEY L. PALMER
vii Preface to the Third Edition The third edition of Schaum’s Outline of Human Anatomy and Physiology continues the commitment of previous editions of combining effective and carefully selected illustrations with concise and up-to-date anatomical and physiological descriptions. Careful attention has been paid to recent advances in the fast-paced field of medically and clinically significant physiological processes as well as the use of appropriate and current anatomical terminology. Pedagogical features and conventions introduced in previous editions have been retained and updated. The art program has been evaluated and where necessary, new illustrations have been added or altered to enhance the visual learning. Tables and charts throughout the text have been updated to improve readability and clarity. As with previous editions, key clinical terms and a comprehensive index are available. In addition to the artists who provided the majority of illustrations and line drawings for past editions, we wish to thank Jacob Hernandez and Sean Higgins for their assistance with preparing the revision manuscripts, helping with illustration changes, and preparing the index. We are grateful to associate editor Kimberly-Ann Eaton and production editor Richard Rothschild and their staffs for their excellent encouragement, assistance, and guidance. SIDNEY L. PALMER Rexburg, Idaho
Preface to the second edition Mastery of the science of human anatomy and physiology is important for students who are planning careers in health-related fields such as medicine, nursing, dentistry, medical technology, physical therapy, and athletic training. The focus of the second edition of Schaum's Outline of Human Anatomy and Phys- iology is on presenting practical information that students will be able to apply to real-world situations they might encounter in their chosen discipline. In addition, numerous examples throughout this study outline reinforce the principle that learning anatomy and physiology helps students become better acquainted with themselves. The integration of anatomy and physiology in this study outline provides students with a focused perspective of body structure and function. The organization, level of rigor, and clinical focus of this study outline is especially appropriate for students preparing for health-related careers. In addition, his study outline provides students with an organized means of preparing for aspects of national mCAt, DAT or allied health board certification examinations The topic sequence and content of this edition are designed to accompany any human anatomy and ysiology textbook. If used as a supplement to a text and class notes, this study outline will improve a students efficiency of study and performance on course examinations. The organization of Schaum's Outline of Human Anatomy and Physiology is carefully designed to enhance learning. Each chapter is composed of objective --problems modules. An objective rep- esents a major topic and level of competency that a student should strive to achieve A topic survey fol- lows the objective and is identified with a magnifying glass icon. The survey is a carefully phrased body of information that gives the essence of the topic introduced in the objective. The problems and answ that follow the survey will test a students understanding of the subject and provide additional informa- tion to meet the objective at the desired level. esting information is relevant to the discussion tapat precede it the four icons used are as follows Clinical information is indicated by a physicians staff. OVerview information is given that is pertinent to the objective Developmental information of practical importance is indicated by a human embryo Information relevant to the body processes that maintain homeostasis(a state of dynamic equilibrium) is indicated by a balance KENT M. VAN DE GRAAFF R WARD RHEES
viii Preface to the Second Edition Mastery of the science of human anatomy and physiology is important for students who are planning careers in health-related fields such as medicine, nursing, dentistry, medical technology, physical therapy, and athletic training. The focus of the second edition of Schaum’s Outline of Human Anatomy and Physiology is on presenting practical information that students will be able to apply to real-world situations they might encounter in their chosen discipline. In addition, numerous examples throughout this study outline reinforce the principle that learning anatomy and physiology helps students become better acquainted with themselves. The integration of anatomy and physiology in this study outline provides students with a focused perspective of body structure and function. The organization, level of rigor, and clinical focus of this study outline is especially appropriate for students preparing for health-related careers. In addition, this study outline provides students with an organized means of preparing for aspects of national MCAT, DAT, or allied health board certification examinations. The topic sequence and content of this edition are designed to accompany any human anatomy and physiology textbook. If used as a supplement to a text and class notes, this study outline will improve a student’s efficiency of study and performance on course examinations. The organization of Schaum’s Outline of Human Anatomy and Physiology is carefully designed to enhance learning. Each chapter is composed of objective – survey – problems modules. An objective represents a major topic and level of competency that a student should strive to achieve. A topic survey follows the objective and is identified with a magnifying glass icon. The survey is a carefully phrased body of information that gives the essence of the topic introduced in the objective. The problems and answers that follow the survey will test a student’s understanding of the subject and provide additional information to meet the objective at the desired level. Set off from the text narrative are short paragraphs highlighted by accompanying topic icons. This interesting information is relevant to the discussion that precedes it. The four icons used are as follows: Clinical information is indicated by a physician’s staff. Overview information is given that is pertinent to the objective. Developmental information of practical importance is indicated by a human embryo. Information relevant to the body processes that maintain homeostasis (a state of dynamic equilibrium) is indicated by a balance. KENT M. VAN DE GRAAFF R. WARD RHEES Survey