NEUROSCIENCE IN MEDICINE THIRD EDITION Edited b P. MICHAEL CONN Oregon National Primate Research Center Oregon Health and Science University Beaverton, OR, USA EE Humana press
NEUROSCIENCE IN MEDICINE THIRD EDITION Edited by P. MICHAEL CONN Oregon National Primate Research Center Oregon Health and Science University Beaverton, OR, USA
PREFACE When the first edition of this book was prepared, we I am pleased to continue the tradition of presenting ere midway into the " Decade of the Brain"the "Clinical Correlations"for select chapters and that 1990s. The passage of time has allowed the promise Dr. Greg Cooper has taken over primary respon of this field to become the reality of progress. Research bility for this task. Because of their popularity in neuroscience and remarkable technology have now Dr. Cooper has expanded the number of these nade material contributions to human well-being Another feature of this edition is the addition of an As in the first two editions, the challenge remained Interactive Atlas, which is provided on a CD to define the"core material"in a rapidly expanding In late 2006, as preparations were being made for field. I have continued to restrict peripheral areas(cell initiation of this revision, we learned of the loss of function and biosynthesis, for example) in order to David V. Smith, Ph. D, who succumbed to a brain focus on emerging and important areas that would tumor at the age of 63. Dr. Smith was the Simon r not be found in a more generalist text Bruesch Professor and Chair of the Department of The book has benefited by supportive contributors Anatomy Neurobiology and the Director of the who were carefully selected because they are both excel- Neuroscience Institute at the University of Tennessee lent teachers and academic leaders. That they chose to Health Science Center(UTHSC)and a contributor to contribute the time and energy needed for this project is the earlier editions of this book. We miss his presence a strong endorsement of their commitment to this dis- in the current revision. cipline and to this project. A substantial number of the Finally, I thank the staff at Springer for guiding me authors have been participating since the first edition. through this process P. Michael Conn Portland, Oregon
PREFACE When the first edition of this book was prepared, we were midway into the ‘‘Decade of the Brain’’—the 1990s. The passage of time has allowed the promise of this field to become the reality of progress. Research in neuroscience and remarkable technology have now made material contributions to human well-being. As in the first two editions, the challenge remained to define the ‘‘core material’’ in a rapidly expanding field. I have continued to restrict peripheral areas (cell function and biosynthesis, for example) in order to focus on emerging and important areas that would not be found in a more generalist text. The book has benefited by supportive contributors who were carefully selected because they are both excellent teachers and academic leaders. That they chose to contribute the time and energy needed for this project is a strong endorsement of their commitment to this discipline and to this project. A substantial number of the authors have been participating since the first edition. I am pleased to continue the tradition of presenting ‘‘Clinical Correlations’’ for select chapters and that Dr. Greg Cooper has taken over primary responsibility for this task. Because of their popularity, Dr. Cooper has expanded the number of these. Another feature of this edition is the addition of an Interactive Atlas, which is provided on a CD. In late 2006, as preparations were being made for initiation of this revision, we learned of the loss of David V. Smith, Ph.D., who succumbed to a brain tumor at the age of 63. Dr. Smith was the Simon R. Bruesch Professor and Chair of the Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology and the Director of the Neuroscience Institute at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) and a contributor to the earlier editions of this book. We miss his presence in the current revision. Finally, I thank the staff at Springer for guiding me through this process. P. Michael Conn Portland, Oregon v
CONTENTS Contributors List of color plates Cytology and Organization of Cell Types: Light and Electron Microscopy Rochelle S Cohen and Donald w. pfaff 2. Anatomy of the Spinal Cord and Brain Bruce w. newton Ion Channels, Transporters, and Electrical Signaling 53 Stanko S. Stojilkovic CLINICAL CORRELATION: DEMYELINATING DISORDERS Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky Synaptic Transmission Henrique von Gersdorff Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Receptors l11 Robert D. grubbs Neuroembryology and Neurogenesis G. Jean Harry and Christina T. Teng CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF NEURONAL MIGRATION .........144 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky The vasculature of the human brain 147 Suresh C. Patel, Rajan Jain and Simone Wagner CLINICAL CORRELATION: STROKE 167 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky Choroid Plexus-Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulatory Dynamics: Impact on Brain Growth, Metabolism, and Repair 173 Conrad E Johanson Organization of the Spinal Cord Marion Murray CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF THE SPINAL CORD 216 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky The Cerebellum Charles r. goodlett The Brain Stem and Cranial Nerves 247 Harold H. Traurig CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 270 Gregory Cooper Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky The brain stem reticular formation 273 Harold H. Traurig The Trigeminal System 287 Harold H. Traurig
CONTENTS 2 Preface . . . . . ................................................................ v 2 Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 2 List of Color Plates . . . ...................................................... xiii 1. Cytology and Organization of Cell Types: Light and Electron Microscopy ............... 1 Rochelle S. Cohen and Donald W. Pfaff 2. Anatomy of the Spinal Cord and Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Bruce W. Newton 3. Ion Channels, Transporters, and Electrical Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Stanko S. Stojilkovic CLINICAL CORRELATION: DEMYELINATING DISORDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky 4. Synaptic Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Henrique von Gersdorff 5. Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Robert D. Grubbs 6. Neuroembryology and Neurogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 G. Jean Harry and Christina T. Teng CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF NEURONAL MIGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky 7. The Vasculature of the Human Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Suresh C. Patel, Rajan Jain and Simone Wagner CLINICAL CORRELATION: STROKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky 8. Choroid Plexus–Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulatory Dynamics: Impact on Brain Growth, Metabolism, and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Conrad E. Johanson 9. Organization of the Spinal Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Marion Murray CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF THE SPINAL CORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky 10. The Cerebellum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Charles R. Goodlett 11. The Brain Stem and Cranial Nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Harold H. Traurig CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky 12. The Brain Stem Reticular Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Harold H. Traurig 13. The Trigeminal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Harold H. Traurig vii
Contents The Hypothalamus Marc E. Freeman, David R Grattan and Thomas A Houpt The Cerebral Cortex 359 Michael W. Miller and Brent A. Vogt CLINICAL CORRELATION: DEMENTIA AND ABNORMALITIES OF COGNITION Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky The Limbic s 379 Thomas van Groen, Inga Kadish Lawrence Ver Hoef and J. Michael Wyss CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM Lawrence Ver Hoef, Inga Kadish, Gregory Cooper and Thomas van Groen The Basal Ganglia Irene Martinez-Torres, Stephen Tisch, and Patricia Limousin CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF THE BASAL GANGLIA 415 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky The Thalamus 19 Roland smith Spinal Mechanisms for Control of Muscle Length and Force 443 Charles/. Heckman and William Z Rymer Chemical Messenger Systems 479 Robert d. grubbs CLINICAL CORRELATION: PARKINSON'S DISEASE 508 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert L. rodnitzky 21. Pain 513 Mary M. Heinricher CLINICAL CORRELATION: PHYSICAL TRAUMA TO NERVES 526 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky CLINICAL CORRELATION PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY 528 Gregory Cooper Gerald Eichhorn and Robert L. Rodnitzky 531 /. Fielding Hejtmancik, Edmond j. Fitz Gibbon and Rafael C. Caruso CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF OCULAR MOTILITY 572 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky Audition 575 Tom C.T. Yin The Vestibular Syster A. Tucker Gleason The Gustatory System 601 Steven). St. John and John D. Boughter /r. The Olfactory System 6l1 Michael T Shipley, Matthew Ennis and Adam C. Puche Sleep, Dreams, and States of Consciousness Robert w. McCarle CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF SLEEP Gregory Cooper and Gerald Eichhorn
14. The Hypothalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Marc E. Freeman, David R. Grattan and Thomas A. Houpt 15. The Cerebral Cortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Michael W. Miller and Brent A. Vogt CLINICAL CORRELATION: DEMENTIA AND ABNORMALITIES OF COGNITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky 16. The Limbic System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Thomas van Groen, Inga Kadish, Lawrence Ver Hoef and J. Michael Wyss CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Lawrence Ver Hoef, Inga Kadish, Gregory Cooper and Thomas van Groen 17. The Basal Ganglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Irene Martinez-Torres, Stephen Tisch, and Patricia Limousin CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF THE BASAL GANGLIA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky 18. The Thalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Yoland Smith 19. Spinal Mechanisms for Control of Muscle Length and Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Charles J. Heckman and William Z. Rymer 20. Chemical Messenger Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Robert D. Grubbs CLINICAL CORRELATION: PARKINSON’S DISEASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert L. Rodnitzky 21. Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 Mary M. Heinricher CLINICAL CORRELATION: PHYSICAL TRAUMA TO NERVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky CLINICAL CORRELATION: PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert L. Rodnitzky 22. Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 J. Fielding Hejtmancik, Edmond J. FitzGibbon and Rafael C. Caruso CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF OCULAR MOTILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky 23. Audition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Tom C.T. Yin 24. The Vestibular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 A. Tucker Gleason 25. The Gustatory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 Steven J. St. John and John D. Boughter Jr. 26. The Olfactory System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 Michael T. Shipley, Matthew Ennis and Adam C. Puche 27. Sleep, Dreams, and States of Consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 Robert W. McCarley CLINICAL CORRELATION: DISORDERS OF SLEEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647 Gregory Cooper and Gerald Eichhorn viii Contents
Contents Higher brain Functions 651 Rache Casas and danie/ tranel CLINICAL CORRELATION: THE APHASIAS AND OTHER DISORDERS OF LANGUAGE 667 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky Neuroimmunology: An Overview 671 Michael D. Lump Nervous System-Immune System Interactions 677 Sonia L. Carlson Watson and Dwight M. Nance CLINICAL CORRELATION: MYASTHENIA GRAVIS Gregory Cooper Gerald Eichhorn and robert Rodnitzky 31 Degeneration, Regeneration, and Plasticity in the Nervous System 691 Paul/. Reier and Michael A Lane CLINICAL CORRELATION: CONGENITAL CHROMOSOMAL AND GENETIC ABNORMALITIES 728 nd gerald Eiche The Biology of Drug Addiction 731 Scott. Russo and Colleen A. McClung 33. The Neuropathology of Disease 749 Bruce w. ne and robert E mrak Index 775
28. Higher Brain Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651 Rachel Casas and Daniel Tranel CLINICAL CORRELATION: THE APHASIAS AND OTHER DISORDERS OF LANGUAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky 29. Neuroimmunology: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 Michael D. Lumpkin 30. Nervous System–Immune System Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 Sonia L. Carlson Watson and Dwight M. Nance CLINICAL CORRELATION: MYASTHENIA GRAVIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688 Gregory Cooper, Gerald Eichhorn and Robert Rodnitzky 31. Degeneration, Regeneration, and Plasticity in the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 Paul J. Reier and Michael A. Lane CLINICAL CORRELATION: CONGENITAL CHROMOSOMAL AND GENETIC ABNORMALITIES . . . . . . . . 728 Gregory Cooper and Gerald Eichhorn 32. The Biology of Drug Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731 Scott J. Russo and Colleen A. McClung 33. The Neuropathology of Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749 Bruce W. Newton and Robert E. Mrak 2 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 Contents ix