Fundamental Neuroscience Third Edition Larry R Squire. Floyd E Bloom. Nicholas C Spitzer Sascha du Lac Anirvan Ghosh.Darwin Berg
Short Contents 18. Target Selection, Topographic Maps, and Synapse Formation 401 NEUROSCIENCE 19. Programmed Cell Death and Neurotrophic 1. Fundamentals of Neuroscience 3 2. Basic Plan of the Nervous System 15 20. Synapse Elimination 469 21. Dendritic Development 491 22. Early Experience and Sensitive Periods 517 CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE SENSORY SYSTEMS 3. Cellular Components of Nervous Tissue 41 23. Fundamentals of Sensory Systems 535 4. Subcellular Organization of the Nervous System 24. Chemical Senses: Taste and Olfaction 549 25. Somatosensory System 581 5. Electrotonic Properties of Axons and Dendrites 87 26. Audition 609 6. Membrane potential and Action potential 111 27. Vision 637 7. Neurotransmitters 133 8. Release of Neurotransmitters 157 9. Neurotransmitter Receptors 181 10. Intracellular Signaling 205 1. Postsynaptic Potentials and Synaptic MOTOR SYSTEMS Integration 227 12. Complex Information Processing in Dendrites 247 28. Fundamentals of Motor Systems 663 13. Brain Energy Metabolism 271 29. The Spinal and Peripheral Motor System 677 30. Descending Control of Movement 699 31. The Basal Ganglia 725 33. Eye Movements 775 NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 14. Neural Induction and Pattern Formation 297 REGULATORY SYSTEMS 15. Cellular Determination 321 16. Neurogenesis and Migration 351 34. The Hypothalamus: An Overview of Regulatory 17. Growth Cones and Axon Pathfind
Short Contents v I NEUROSCIENCE 1. Fundamentals of Neuroscience 3 2. Basic Plan of the Nervous System 15 II CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE 3. Cellular Components of Nervous Tissue 41 4. Subcellular Organization of the Nervous System: Organelles and Their Functions 59 5. Electrotonic Properties of Axons and Dendrites 87 6. Membrane Potential and Action Potential 111 7. Neurotransmitters 133 8. Release of Neurotransmitters 157 9. Neurotransmitter Receptors 181 10. Intracellular Signaling 205 11. Postsynaptic Potentials and Synaptic Integration 227 12. Complex Information Processing in Dendrites 247 13. Brain Energy Metabolism 271 III NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 14. Neural Induction and Pattern Formation 297 15. Cellular Determination 321 16. Neurogenesis and Migration 351 17. Growth Cones and Axon Pathfi nding 377 18. Target Selection, Topographic Maps, and Synapse Formation 401 19. Programmed Cell Death and Neurotrophic Factors 437 20. Synapse Elimination 469 21. Dendritic Development 491 22. Early Experience and Sensitive Periods 517 IV SENSORY SYSTEMS 23. Fundamentals of Sensory Systems 535 24. Chemical Senses: Taste and Olfaction 549 25. Somatosensory System 581 26. Audition 609 27. Vision 637 V MOTOR SYSTEMS 28. Fundamentals of Motor Systems 663 29. The Spinal and Peripheral Motor System 677 30. Descending Control of Movement 699 31. The Basal Ganglia 725 32. Cerebellum 751 33. Eye Movements 775 VI REGULATORY SYSTEMS 34. The Hypothalamus: An Overview of Regulatory Systems 795
SHORT CONTENTS 35. Central Control of Autonomic Functions: VII Organization of the autonomic Nervous System 807 BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE 36. Neural Regulation of the Cardiovascular NEUROSCIENCE 37. Neural Control of Breathing 855 44. Human Brain Evolution 1019 38. Food Intake and Metabolism 873 45. Cognitive Development and Aging 1039 39. Water Intake and Body Fluids 889 46. Visual Perception of Objects 1067 40. Neuroendocrine Systems 905 47. Spatial 41. Circadian Timekeeping 931 48. Attention 1113 2. Sleep, Dreaming, and Wakefulness 959 49. Learning and Memory: Basic Mechanisms 1133 43. Reward, Motivation, and Addiction 987 0. Learning and Memory: Brain Systems 1153 51. Language and Communication 1179 52. The prefrontal Cortex and Executive brain Functions 1199 53. The Neuroscience of consciousness 1223
35. Central Control of Autonomic Functions: Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System 807 36. Neural Regulation of the Cardiovascular System 829 37. Neural Control of Breathing 855 38. Food Intake and Metabolism 873 39. Water Intake and Body Fluids 889 40. Neuroendocrine Systems 905 41. Circadian Timekeeping 931 42. Sleep, Dreaming, and Wakefulness 959 43. Reward, Motivation, and Addiction 987 VII BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE 44. Human Brain Evolution 1019 45. Cognitive Development and Aging 1039 46. Visual Perception of Objects 1067 47. Spatial Cognition 1091 48. Attention 1113 49. Learning and Memory: Basic Mechanisms 1133 50. Learning and Memory: Brain Systems 1153 51. Language and Communication 1179 52. The Prefrontal Cortex and Executive Brain Functions 1199 53. The Neuroscience of Consciousness 1223 vi SHORT CONTENTS
Full contents Preface xv Development Reveals Basic Vertebrate Parts 22 About the editors xvii The Basic Plan of Nervous System Connectivity 27 List of contributors xix Overview of the adult mammalian nervous System 31 References 37 Suggested Readings 38 NEUROSCIENCE 1. Fundamentals of neuroscience CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR FLOYD E BLOOM NEUROSCIENCE A Brief History of Neuroscience 3 The Terminology of Nervous Systems Is Hierarchical, 3. Cellular Components of Distributed, Descriptive, and Historically Based 3 Nervous Tissue Neurons and glia are cellular building blocks of the PATRICK R. HOF, JEAN DE VELLIS, ESTHER A NIMCHINSKY Nervous System 4 GRAHAME KIDD, LUZ CLAUDIO, AND BRUCE D. TRAPP The Operative Processes of Nervous Systems Are als Hierarchical 5 Neurons 41 Cellular Organization of the brain 6 Specific Examples of Different Neuronal Types 45 Organization of this Text 7 Neuroglia 47 This Book Is Intended for a Broad Range of Scholars of Cerebral Vasculature 54 the neurosciences 8 References 57 Clinical Issues in the neurosciences 8 Suggested Readings 58 The Spirit of Exploration Con Ines The Genomic Inventory Is a Giant Step Forward 9 4. Subcellular Organization of the Neuroscience Today: A Communal Endeavor 10 ervous system s an The Creation of Knowledge 10 Their functions Responsible Conduct 11 SCOTT T BRADY, DAVIDR. COLMAN, AND PETER J. BROPHY Summary 13 References 13 Axons and Dendrites: Unique Structural Components of eurons 2. Basic Plan of the Nervous System Protein Synthesis in Nervous Tissue 63 LARRY W. SWANSON Cytoskeletons of Neurons and Glial Cells 70 Molecular Motors in the Nervous System 77 Introduction 15 Building and Maintaining Nervous System Cells 80 Evolution Highlights: General Organizing Principles 15 Refe rences
Full Contents vii Preface xv About the Editors xvii List of Contributors xix I NEUROSCIENCE 1. Fundamentals of Neuroscience FLOYD E. BLOOM A Brief History of Neuroscience 3 The Terminology of Nervous Systems Is Hierarchical, Distributed, Descriptive, and Historically Based 3 Neurons and Glia Are Cellular Building Blocks of the Nervous System 4 The Operative Processes of Nervous Systems Are also Hierarchical 5 Cellular Organization of the Brain 6 Organization of this Text 7 This Book Is Intended for a Broad Range of Scholars of the Neurosciences 8 Clinical Issues in the Neurosciences 8 The Spirit of Exploration Continues 9 The Genomic Inventory Is a Giant Step Forward 9 Neuroscience Today: A Communal Endeavor 10 The Creation of Knowledge 10 Responsible Conduct 11 Summary 13 References 13 2. Basic Plan of the Nervous System LARRY W. SWANSON Introduction 15 Evolution Highlights: General Organizing Principles 15 Development Reveals Basic Vertebrate Parts 22 The Basic Plan of Nervous System Connectivity 27 Overview of the Adult Mammalian Nervous System 31 References 37 Suggested Readings 38 II CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE 3. Cellular Components of Nervous Tissue PATRICK R. HOF, JEAN DE VELLIS, ESTHER A. NIMCHINSKY, GRAHAME KIDD, LUZ CLAUDIO, AND BRUCE D. TRAPP Neurons 41 Specifi c Examples of Different Neuronal Types 45 Neuroglia 47 Cerebral Vasculature 54 References 57 Suggested Readings 58 4. Subcellular Organization of the Nervous System: Organelles and Their Functions SCOTT T. BRADY, DAVID R. COLMAN, AND PETER J. BROPHY Axons and Dendrites: Unique Structural Components of Neurons 59 Protein Synthesis in Nervous Tissue 63 Cytoskeletons of Neurons and Glial Cells 70 Molecular Motors in the Nervous System 77 Building and Maintaining Nervous System Cells 80 References 85
ⅶi FULL CONTENTS 5. Electrotonic Properties of Axons and 9. Neurotransmitter Receptors Dendrites M. NEAL WAXHAM GORDON M SHEPHERD ionotropic Receptors 181 Toward a Theory of Neuronal Information G-Protein Coupled Receptors 193 Processing 87 References 203 Basic Tools: Cable Theory and Compartmental Models 88 10. Intracellular Signaling Spread of Steady-State Signals 88 HOWARD SCHULMAN AND JAMES L. ROBERTS Spread of Transient Signals 93 Electrotonic Properties Underlying Propagation in Signaling Through G-Protein-Linked Receptors 205 Axons 95 Modulation of Neuronal Function by Protein Kinases and Electrotonic Spread in Dendrites 98 Phosphatases 214 Dynamic Properties of Passive Electrotonic Intracellular Signaling Affects Nuclear Gene Structure 101 Expression 222 Relating Passive to Active Potentials 106 References 226 Suggested Readings 226 6. Membrane potential and 11. Postsynaptic Potentials and Synaptic Action po DAVID A MCCORMICK JOHN H. BYRNE Membrane potential 112 ionotropic Receptors: Mediators of Fast Excitatory and Action Potential 117 Inhibitory S Synaptic Potentials 227 erences Metabotropic Receptors: Mediators of Slow Synapt Suggested Readings 132 Potentials 239 Integration of Synaptic Potentials 242 References 245 7. Neurotransmitters Suggested Readings 245 ARIEL Y DEUTCH AND ROBERT H. ROTH 12. Complex Information Processing in Several modes of neuronal communication Dendrites Exist 133 Chemical Transmission 134 GORDXON M. SHEPHERD Classical Neurotransmitters 136 Nonclassical Neurotransmitters 147 Strategies for Studying Complex Dendrites 247 Peptide Transmitters 148 Building Principles Step by Step 248 An Axon places Constraints on dendritic conven Itional Transmitters 149 Synaptic Transmission in Perspective 154 Processing 249 References 154 Dendrodendritic Interactions between Axonal Cells 250 Passive Dendritic Trees Can Perform Complex Computations 251 8. Release of neurotransmitters Separation of Dendritic Fields Enhances Complex THOMAS L SCHWARZ Information Processing 252 Distal Dendrites Can be Closely Linked to Axonal Transmitter Release Is Quantal 157 Output 253 Excitation-Secretion Coupling 160 Depolarizing and Hyperpolarizing Dendritic Conductances Molecular mechanisms of the nerve Interact Dynamically 255 The Axon Hillock-Initial Segment Encodes Global Quantal Analysis: Probing Synaptic Output 256 hysiology 173 Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity 176 References 180 e Controy talse Initiation Sites Are under Dynamic Multiple lmi etrograde Impulse Spread into Dendrites Can have Suggested Readings 180
viii FULL CONTENTS 5. Electrotonic Properties of Axons and Dendrites GORDON M. SHEPHERD Toward a Theory of Neuronal Information Processing 87 Basic Tools: Cable Theory and Compartmental Models 88 Spread of Steady-State Signals 88 Spread of Transient Signals 93 Electrotonic Properties Underlying Propagation in Axons 95 Electrotonic Spread in Dendrites 98 Dynamic Properties of Passive Electrotonic Structure 101 Relating Passive to Active Potentials 106 References 108 6. Membrane Potential and Action Potential DAVID A. MCCORMICK Membrane Potential 112 Action Potential 117 References 131 Suggested Readings 132 7. Neurotransmitters ARIEL Y. DEUTCH AND ROBERT H. ROTH Several Modes of Neuronal Communication Exist 133 Chemical Transmission 134 Classical Neurotransmitters 136 Nonclassical Neurotransmitters 147 Peptide Transmitters 148 Unconventional Transmitters 149 Synaptic Transmission in Perspective 154 References 154 8. Release of Neurotransmitters THOMAS L. SCHWARZ Transmitter Release Is Quantal 157 Excitation–Secretion Coupling 160 Molecular Mechanisms of the Nerve Terminal 163 Quantal Analysis: Probing Synaptic Physiology 173 Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity 176 References 180 Suggested Readings 180 9. Neurotransmitter Receptors M. NEAL WAXHAM Ionotropic Receptors 181 G-Protein Coupled Receptors 193 References 203 10. Intracellular Signaling HOWARD SCHULMAN AND JAMES L. ROBERTS Signaling Through G-Protein-Linked Receptors 205 Modulation of Neuronal Function by Protein Kinases and Phosphatases 214 Intracellular Signaling Affects Nuclear Gene Expression 222 References 226 Suggested Readings 226 11. Postsynaptic Potentials and Synaptic Integration JOHN H. BYRNE Ionotropic Receptors: Mediators of Fast Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Potentials 227 Metabotropic Receptors: Mediators of Slow Synaptic Potentials 239 Integration of Synaptic Potentials 242 References 245 Suggested Readings 245 12. Complex Information Processing in Dendrites GORDON M. SHEPHERD Strategies for Studying Complex Dendrites 247 Building Principles Step by Step 248 An Axon Places Constraints on Dendritic Processing 249 Dendrodendritic Interactions between Axonal Cells 250 Passive Dendritic Trees Can Perform Complex Computations 251 Separation of Dendritic Fields Enhances Complex Information Processing 252 Distal Dendrites Can be Closely Linked to Axonal Output 253 Depolarizing and Hyperpolarizing Dendritic Conductances Interact Dynamically 255 The Axon Hillock-Initial Segment Encodes Global Output 256 Multiple Impulse Initiation Sites Are under Dynamic Control 256 Retrograde Impulse Spread into Dendrites Can have Many Functions 258