INTH EDITION Ross and wilson Anatomy and Physiology Health andⅢness Anne Waugh Allison Grant N
diti Ross and wilson Anatomy and Physiology in health and llness Anne Waugh BSc(Hons)MSc CertEd SRN RNT ILTM Senior Lecturer, School of Acute and Continuing Care Nursing. Napier University, Edinburgh, UK Allison grant BSc PhD RGN Lecturer, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK Illustrations by Graeme Chambers LIVINGSTONE EDINBURGH LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PHILADELPHIA ST LOUIS SYDNEY AND TORONTO 2001
Ninth Edition Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness Anne Waugh BSc(Hons)MSc CertEd SRN RNT ILTM Senior Lecturer, School of Acute and Continuing Care Nursing, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK Allison Grant Bsc PHD RGN Lecturer, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK Illustrations by Graeme Chambers CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE EDINBURGH LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PHILADELPHIA ST LOUIS SYDNEY AND TORONTO 2001
CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE oE&s li O Longman Group Limited 1973, Pearson Professional Limited 1997 Harcourt Brace and Company Limited 1998 Harcourt Publishers Limited 2001 o Elsevier Science Limited 2002. All rights reserved o Elsevier Limited 2004. All rights res he right of Anne Waugh to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either he prior permission of the publishers or a licence permitting estricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIT4LP MiSsion directly from Elsevier's Health Science Rights Department in Philadelphia, USA: Phone: (+1)215 238 7869, 2239. e-mail: h ssions@elsevier.com ou may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage(http://www.elsevier.com),byselecting'customer Support and then'Obtaining Permission First edition 1963 International Student Edition Second edition 1966 First published 1991 Third edition 1968 Eighth edition 1996 Fourth edition 1973 th edition 2001 Fifth edition 1981 Reprinted 2001, 2002, 2003(twice), 2004 Sixth edition 1987 Seventh edition 1990 ISBN0443064695 inth edition 200] Reprinted2001,2002203,2004 SBN0443064687 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Note Medical knowledge is constantly changing. As new information becomes available, changes in treatment, procedures, equipment and the use of drugs become necessary. The authors and the publishers have taken care to ensure that the information given in this text is accurate and up to date. However, readers are strongly advised to confirm that the information, especially with regard to drug usage, complies with the latest legislation and standards of practice in the health sciences ww.elsevierhealth com from sustainable forests Printed in Spain
CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE An imprint of Elsevier Limited © E. & S. Livingstone Ltd 1963,1966,1968 © Longman Group Limited 1973,1981,1987,1990 © Pearson Professional Limited 1997 © Harcourt Brace and Company Limited 1998 © Harcourt Publishers Limited 2001 © Elsevier Science Limited 2002. All rights reserved. © Elsevier Limited 2004. All rights reserved. The right of Anne Waugh to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior permission of the publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIT 4LP. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Health Sciences Rights Department in Philadelphia, USA: phone: (+1) 215 238 7869, fax: (+1) 215 238 2239, e-mail: healthpermissions@elsevier.com. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting 'Customer Support' and then 'Obtaining Permissions'. First edition 1963 International Student Edition Second edition 1966 First published 1991 Third edition 1968 Eighth edition 1996 Fourth edition 1973 Ninth edition 2001 Fifth edition 1981 Reprinted 2001,2002,2003 (twice), 2004 Sixth edition 1987 Seventh edition 1990 ISBN 0443 06469 5 Eighth edition 1996 Ninth edition 2001 Reprinted 2001, 2002,2003, 2004 ISBN 0 443 06468 7 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Note Medical knowledge is constantly changing. As new information becomes available, changes in treatment, procedures, equipment and the use of drugs become necessary. The authors and the publishers have taken care to ensure that the information given in this text is accurate and up to date. However, readers are strongly advised to confirm that the information, especially with regard to drug usage, complies with the latest legislation and standards of practice. ELSEVIER injournals the health science ands multimedia pape policy is to use r manufactured WWW.elsevierhealth.com from sustainable forests Printed in Spain
Contents Preface Acknowledgements Common prefixes, suffixes and roots SECTION 1 The body and its constituents 1 Introduction to the human body Introduction to the chemistry of life 3 The cells, tissues and organisation of the body SECTION 2 Communication 4 The blood 5 The cardiovascular system 6 The lymphatic system 7 The nervous system 8 The special senses 9 The endocrine system 213 SECTION 3 Intake of raw materials and the elimination of waste237 10 The respiratory system 11 Introduction to nutrition 12 The digestive system 281 13 The urinary system SECTION 4 Protection and survival 359 14 The skin 36 15 Resistance and immunity 373 16 The skeleton 17 The joints 413 18 The muscular system 19 The reproductive systems 437 Normal values Bibl oara Index
Contents Preface Acknowledgements Common prefixes, suffixes and roots SECTION 1 The body and its constituents 1 Introduction to the human body Introduction to the chemistry of life The cells, tissues and organisation of the body SECTION 2 Communication The blood The cardiovascular system The lymphatic system The nervous system The special senses The endocrine system 5 6 SECTION 3 Intake of raw materials and the elimination of waste 10 The respiratory system 11 Introduction to nutrition 12 The digestive system 13 The urinary system SECTION 4 Protection and survival 14 The skin 15 Resistance and immunity 16 The skeleton The joints The muscular system 19 The reproductive systems Normal values Bibliography Index vii vii viii 1 3 17 29 57 59 77 129 139 191 213 237 239 269 281 339 359 361 373 387 413 429 437 459 461 463
Preface Ross and wilson has been a core text for students of The later chapters are gathered together into three anatomy and physiology for almost 40 years. This latest further sections, reflecting three areas essential fe edition is aimed at health care professionals including normal body function: communication; intake of raw nurses,nursing students, students of the professions materials and elimination of waste; and protection and allied to medicine, Paramedics, ambulance technicians survival. Much of the material for this edition has been and complementary therapists. It retains the straightfor- extensively revised and rewritten. There is a new chapter ward approach to the description of body systems and on immunology, reflecting the growing importance of w they work, and the normal anatomy and physiology this subject in physiology is followed by a section that covers common disorders The artwork has been completely redrawn using full and diseases: the pathology colour, and many new diagrams have been included The human body is described system by system. The a new list of common prefixes, suffixes and roots has reader must, however, remember that physiology is an been prepared for this edition, giving meanings and integrated subject and that, although the systems are con- providing examples of common terminology used in sidered in separate chapters, they must all function the study of anatomy and physiology. Some biological together for the human body to operate as a healthy unit. values have been extracted from the text and presented The first three chapters provide an overview of the body as an Appendix for easy reference. In some cases, slightly and describe its main constituents. a new section different'normals' may be found in other texts and used introductory biochemistry is included, forming the basis by different medical practitioners of a deeper understanding of body function Edinburgh 2001 Anne Waugh Acknowledgements The ninth edition of this textbook would not have been We are grateful to readers of the eighth edition for possible without the efforts of many people In preparing their constructive comments, many of which have influ this edition we have built on the foundations established enced the content of the ninth by Kathleen Wilson and we would like to acknowledge We are also grateful to the staff of Churchill her immense contribution to the success of this title Livingstone, particularly Mairi McCubbin and Kirsty We are grateful to Graeme Chambers for the prepara- Guest, for their support and hospitality tion of the new artwork for the ninth edition Thanks are also due to our families, Andy, Michael, Seona and Struan, for their patience and acceptance of
Preface Ross and Wilson has been a core text for students of anatomy and physiology for almost 40 years. This latest edition is aimed at health care professionals including nurses, nursing students, students of the professions allied to medicine, paramedics, ambulance technicians and complementary therapists. It retains the straightforward approach to the description of body systems and how they work, and the normal anatomy and physiology is followed by a section that covers common disorders and diseases: the pathology. The human body is described system by system. The reader must, however, remember that physiology is an integrated subject and that, although the systems are considered in separate chapters, they must all function together for the human body to operate as a healthy unit. The first three chapters provide an overview of the body and describe its main constituents. A new section on introductory biochemistry is included, forming the basis of a deeper understanding of body function. The later chapters are gathered together into three further sections, reflecting three areas essential for normal body function: communication; intake of raw materials and elimination of waste; and protection and survival. Much of the material for this edition has been extensively revised and rewritten. There is a new chapter on immunology, reflecting the growing importance of this subject in physiology. The artwork has been completely redrawn using full colour, and many new diagrams have been included. A new list of common prefixes, suffixes and roots has been prepared for this edition, giving meanings and providing examples of common terminology used in the study of anatomy and physiology. Some biological values have been extracted from the text and presented as an Appendix for easy reference. In some cases, slightly different 'normals' may be found in other texts and used by different medical practitioners. Edinburgh 2001 Anne Waugh Allison Grant Acknowledgements The ninth edition of this textbook would not have been possible without the efforts of many people. In preparing this edition, we have built on the foundations established by Kathleen Wilson and we would like to acknowledge her immense contribution to the success of this title. We are grateful to Graeme Chambers for the preparation of the new artwork for the ninth edition. We are grateful to readers of the eighth edition for their constructive comments, many of which have influenced the content of the ninth. We are also grateful to the staff of Churchill Livingstone, particularly Mairi McCubbin and Kirsty Guest, for their support and hospitality. Thanks are also due to our families, Andy, Michael, Seona and Struan, for their patience and acceptance of lost evenings and weekends