内容 备注 、昆虫的颈Neck supporting the head and articulating it with the prothorax ■cervical.sclerites颈片（颈部骨片的统称） 二、胸部的基本构造 ■The thorax,isc omposed of three segments prothroax前 幻灯显示前胸背权 照片 ■metathorax后胸 In most winged insects,mesothorax and metathorax form a bearing the wngs The thorx isthe centr of Legs:fore,mid,and hind leg ·Wings::前翅forewings、后翅hindwings 原始昆虫体节的发展 ■体节分： 幻灯显示背板图片 ·背板notum(tergum、)背片((tergite) ■腹板sternum、腹片sternite ■侧区pleuron、侧片pleurite ■足legs ■气门spiracle ■ 基肢节： 亚基节subcoxa-一侧板 基节coxa ■端肢节telopodite 显示腹板图片 (一)前胸prothorax ■no wing structure usually simple ■前胸背板pronotum Simple,small,but in some insects they are highly modified. 虫、蝼蛄、菱蝗：角蝉、耳蝉 ·前胸侧板propleuron Usually divided into episternum and epimeron by pleural sulcus 侧沟将侧板分为前侧片和后侧片 侧基突:侧沟下端与胸足相抵的关节突 ■前胸腹板prosternum Usually undeveloped,sometimes with special structures. (二)翅胸Pterothorax 。.背板tergum 前脊沟antecostal sulcus,前盾沟prescutal sulcus,盾间为 scutoscutellar sulcus ■背片划分为 ,端背片acrotergite：前盾片prescutum,主背片 ·盾片scutum、小盾片scutellum
内容 备注 一、昆虫的颈 Neck ◼ supporting the head and articulating it with the prothorax ◼ cervical sclerites 颈片（颈部骨片的统称） 二、胸部的基本构造 ◼ The thorax, is composed of three segments ◼ prothroax 前胸 ◼ mesothorax 中胸 ◼ metathorax 后胸 ◼ In most winged insects, mesothorax and metathorax form a pterothorax, bearing the wings. ◼ The thorax is the center of locomotory. ◼ Legs: fore, mid, and hind leg ◼ Wings: 前翅 forewings、后翅 hindwings 原始昆虫体节的发展 ◼ 体节分： ◼ 背板 notum (tergum)、背片(tergite) ◼ 腹板 sternum、腹片 sternite ◼ 侧区 pleuron、侧片 pleurite ◼ 足 legs ◼ 气门 spiracle ◼ 基肢节： ◼ 亚基节 subcoxa→ 侧板 ◼ 基节 coxa ◼ 端肢节 telopodite （一）前胸 prothorax ◼ no wings， structure usually simple. ◼ 前胸背板 pronotum ◼ Simple, small, but in some insects they are highly modified. 蝗 虫、蝼蛄、菱蝗；角蝉、耳蝉 ◼ 前胸侧板 propleuron ◼ Usually divided into episternum and epimeron by pleural sulcus. ◼ 侧沟将侧板分为前侧片和后侧片 ◼ 侧基突 pleural articulation：侧沟下端与胸足相抵的关节突 ◼ 前胸腹板 prosternum ◼ Usually undeveloped, sometimes with special structures. （二）翅胸 Pterothorax ◼ 1. 背板 tergum ◼ 前脊沟 antecostal sulcus, 前盾沟 prescutal sulcus, 盾间沟 scutoscutellar sulcus ◼ 背片划分为 ◼ 端背片 acrotergite ：前盾片 prescutum, 主背片 ◼ 盾片 scutum、小盾片 scutellum 幻灯显示前胸背板 照片 幻灯显示背板图片 显示腹板图片
■2.侧板pleuror 。侧沟凹进成侧内脊，并将侧板分成前侧片和后侧片 epimeron ·侧沟下端的突起为侧基突pleural articulation,上端为侧翅突 pleural wing process ·上侧片epipleurites:侧翅突前后的膜质区中的骨片，包括前上 侧片bas re和后上侧片subalar心 Orientation Base of removed structures Sclerites(stippling indicates conjunctiva) Sutures invaginations Articulation points(condyles) 。3.腹板sternum ■前腹沟presternal sulcus ·腹脊沟sternacostal sulcus ■将腹板分为 ■前胞片presternum ■主腹片 euste um(具叉腹片furcasternum)：基腹片 basisternum、小腹片sternellum ·具刺腹片spinasternite(间腹片intersternite):内有刺突，称 内刺突spina 第三节昆虫的足 Legs of adult inse 一、胸足的构造及类型 Structure oflegs Three pairs of walking legs on thorax. 幻灯显示昆虫足的 Each leg consist of five parts 构造 ■Coxa基节 。Trochanter转节 ■Femur腿节 。Tibia胫节 ■Tarsus跗节：常分2-5个亚节，称跗分节tarsomere 前跗节pretarsus ·ungues(claws)0节爪 幻灯显示前符节成 unguitractor plate ,掣爪片arolium中垫 大图片 ■empodium爪间宽 二、足的特化和适应 Leg adaptations and Modifications Typically the legs are con with walking and running bu they may be specialized for a variety of functions 。Jumping ■Swimming ■Grasping ■Digging
◼ 2. 侧板 pleuron ◼ 侧沟凹进成侧内脊，并将侧板分成前侧片 episternum 和后侧片 epimeron ◼ 侧沟下端的突起为侧基突 pleural articulation ，上端为侧翅突 pleural wing process ◼ 上侧片 epipleurites：侧翅突前后的膜质区中的骨片，包括前上 侧片 basalare 和后上侧片 subalare ◼ Orientation ◼ Base of removed structures ◼ Sclerites (stippling indicates conjunctiva) ◼ Sutures & invaginations ◼ Articulation points (condyles) ◼ 3.腹板 sternum ◼ 前腹沟 presternal sulcus ◼ 腹脊沟 sternacostal sulcus ◼ 将腹板分为 ◼ 前腹片 presternum ◼ 主腹片 eusternum ( 具叉腹片 furcasternum) ：基腹片 basisternum、小腹片 sternellum ◼ 具刺腹片 spinasternite(间腹片 intersternite ) ： 内有刺突，称 内刺突 spina 第 三 节 昆 虫 的 足 Legs of adult insects 一、胸足的构造及类型 Structure of legs ◼ Three pairs of walking legs on thorax. ◼ Each leg consist of five parts ◼ Coxa 基节 ◼ Trochanter 转节 ◼ Femur 腿节 ◼ Tibia 胫节 ◼ Tarsus 跗节：常分 2-5 个亚节，称跗分节 tarsomere 前跗节 pretarsus ◼ ungues (claws)跗节爪 ◼ unguitractor plate 掣爪片 arolium 中垫 ◼ empodium 爪间突 二、足的特化和适应 Leg Adaptations and Modifications ◼ Typically the legs are concerned with walking and running, but they may be specialized for a variety of functions. ◼ Jumping ◼ Swimming ◼ Grasping ◼ Digging 幻灯显示昆虫足的 构造 幻灯显示前符节放 大图片
■Sound production 幻灯显示各类型足 。跳跃足Jumping(r)leg 的照片 ■ Grasshoppers,fleabeetles, ■ adapted for jumping ■后足腿节特别发达，胫节细长 ■捕捉足Grasping(Raptorial)leg ·Praying mantids catching and holding prey ■腿节腹面有槽，胫节可嵌在腿节的槽中 ■开掘足Digging(Fossorial)leg ■蝼蛄Mole crickets,.蝉cicadas ■digging insoi. forelegs large,heavily sclerotized,and posses stout claws. tibia are flattened,with teeth. tarsomeres reduced in number or may disappear entirely. ■游泳足Swimming (Natatorial)leg ■Diving bugs and Water beetles负子蝽、龙虱、水龟甲 swimming tibia and tarsus of hindlegs flattened,bearring rigid hairs around the periphery. ■抱握足Clasping leg ·grasping 。used for hanging onto the female during mating(前足跗节特别膨 大、宽扁，有吸盘构造) ■携粉足Pollen-carrying leg ■Honeybee:hindlegs ■花粉刷comb: ■pollen basket花粉篮 ■攀悬足Clinging(Scansorial)legs ■louse ■leg isshort and thick ◆ Tip with a single,large claw which folds back against the tibia process
◼ Sound production ◼ Cleaning ◼ 跳跃足 Jumping (Saltatorial) leg ◼ Grasshoppers, fleabeetles, ◼ adapted for jumping ◼ 后足腿节特别发达，胫节细长 ◼ 捕捉足 Grasping (Raptorial) leg ◼ Praying mantids ◼ catching and holding prey ◼ 腿节腹面有槽，胫节可嵌在腿节的槽中 ◼ 开掘足 Digging (Fossorial) leg ◼ 蝼蛄 Mole crickets, 蝉 cicadas ◼ digging in soil . ◼ forelegs large, heavily sclerotized, and posses stout claws. ◼ tibia are flattened, with teeth. ◼ tarsomeres reduced in number or may disappear entirely. ◼ 游泳足 Swimming (Natatorial) leg ◼ Diving bugs and Water beetles 负子蝽、龙虱、水龟甲 ◼ swimming ◼ tibia and tarsus of hindlegs flattened，bearring rigid hairs around the periphery. ◼ 抱握足 Clasping leg ◼ grasping ◼ predaceous diving beetles, ectoparasitic lice ◼ used for hanging onto the female during mating（前足跗节特别膨 大、宽扁，有吸盘构造） ◼ 携粉足 Pollen-carrying leg ◼ Honeybee： hindlegs ◼ pollen collection ◼ 花粉刷 comb： ◼ pollen basket 花粉篮 ◼ 攀悬足 Clinging (Scansorial) legs ◼ louse ◼ leg is short and thick ◼ Tip with a single, large claw which folds back against the tibial process. 幻灯显示各类型足 的照片
授课内容章)》 翅的基本构造及脉序 掌握翅起源翅的基本构造和类型，翅脉翅的连 教学目的 锁，标准脉序 要求学生勤动手制作采集，动眼观察各种生物学现 教学要求 象，动脑分析归纳各种表面现象总结一般规律 课时 4.5 课堂讲授课堂讨论 教学方法 翅的基本构造 标准翅脉 重点难点 翅的类型 翅的连锁方式 教具 多媒体教学 教学效果检测 课堂提问 备注
授课内容（章） 翅的基本构造及脉序 教学目的 掌握翅起源,翅的基本构造和类型,翅脉,翅的连 锁,标准脉序 教学要求 要求学生勤动手制作采集,动眼观察各种生物学现 象,动脑分析归纳各种表面现象,总结一般规律. 课 时 4.5 教学方法 课堂讲授,课堂讨论 重点难点 翅的基本构造 标准翅脉 翅的类型 翅的连锁方式 教 具 多媒体教学 教学效果检测 课堂提问 备 注
教学流程 Developmentand Structure翅的发生与构造 二、variations and modifications ofwings翅的类型和变化 三、翅脉Veins 四、翅的关节Articulation 五、翅的连锁机制wing-coupling mechanism 教学过程 内容 备注
教学流程 一、 Development and Structure 翅的发生与构造 二、variations and modifications of wings 翅的类型和变化 三、翅脉 Veins 四、翅的关节 Articulation 五、翅的连锁机制 wing-coupling mechanism 教学过程 内容 备注