Culture of the Peoples Republic of China From Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia 口 Red Detachment of Women,one of the Eight model plays with Communist themes This article discusses the culture of the People's Republic of China.See also the culture of China,culture of Hong Kong, culture of Macau and culture of Taiwan. The culture of the People's Republic of China is a rich and varied blend of traditional Chinese culture with communist and other international modern and post-modern influences.During the Cultural Revolution,an enormous number of cultural treasures of inestimable value were seriously damaged or destroyed and the practice of many arts and crafts was prohibited.Since the early 1980s,however, official repudiation of those policies has been complemented by vigorous efforts to renew China's remarkable cultural traditions. China's culture thus remains highly complex,encompassing ancient traditions and modern experiments. Contents [hide] 。1 History o 1.1 Early years o 1.2 Cultural Revolution 。l.3Post-Mao era ·2 Literature o 2.1 Modern prose o 2.2 Literature in the Post-Mao period
Culture of the People's Republic of China From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Red Detachment of Women, one of the Eight model plays with Communist themes This article discusses the culture of the People's Republic of China. See also the culture of China, culture of Hong Kong, culture of Macau and culture of Taiwan. The culture of the People's Republic of China is a rich and varied blend of traditional Chinese culture with communist and other international modern and post-modern influences. During the Cultural Revolution, an enormous number of cultural treasures of inestimable value were seriously damaged or destroyed and the practice of many arts and crafts was prohibited. Since the early 1980s, however, official repudiation of those policies has been complemented by vigorous efforts to renew China's remarkable cultural traditions. China's culture thus remains highly complex, encompassing ancient traditions and modern experiments. Contents [hide] 1 History o 1.1 Early years o 1.2 Cultural Revolution o 1.3 Post-Mao era 2 Literature o 2.1 Modern prose o 2.2 Literature in the Post-Mao period
·3 Traditional arts o 3.1 Drama o 3.2 Music o 3.3 Painting and calligraphy 4 Contemporary performing arts 4.1 Motion pictures 4.2 Radio and television 4.3 Folk and variety arts 。4.4 Stand-up comedy 5 Publishing History Early years For some years after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC)in 1949,traditional Chinese culture was tolerated to some extent.The main changes concentrated on attempts to remove traditional social inequalities,such as sexism,ethnocentrism,and serfdom.A form of Mandarin Chinese known as Putonghua was promoted by the Central People's Government in Beijing as the lingua franca in a continuation of the Auo-yi of the Republic of China (ROC, "Taiwan"),but the various local spoken variants and the languages of the numerous ethnic groups of China remains in use. As the Soviet Union was an ally of the PRC at the time,the culture of Russia,especially the Russian language,was quite popular;but this trend was halted when a border dispute ended the Sino-Soviet alliance in 1961-the Sino-Soviet split. Cultural Revolution[edit] When the Cultural Revolution began in 1966 all forms of traditional culture,Chinese or Western,were suppressed,including to bring an end to the Four 0lds.Temples and churches were vandalized by the Red Guards;Confucian morality was frowned upon;and a cult of personality surrounding Chairman Mao Zedong was promoted.The Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong (or the "Little Red Book") achieved sanctity equivalent to a holy text as part of Maoism,or "thoughts of Mao Zedong",which became the national ideology. Simplified Chinese ideograms were also officially introduced at the time,though many such simplified characters have existed for
3 Traditional arts o 3.1 Drama o 3.2 Music o 3.3 Painting and calligraphy 4 Contemporary performing arts o 4.1 Motion pictures o 4.2 Radio and television o 4.3 Folk and variety arts o 4.4 Stand-up comedy 5 Publishing History Early years For some years after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, traditional Chinese culture was tolerated to some extent. The main changes concentrated on attempts to remove traditional social inequalities, such as sexism, ethnocentrism, and serfdom. A form of Mandarin Chinese known as Putonghua was promoted by the Central People's Government in Beijing as the lingua franca in a continuation of the Kuo-yü of the Republic of China (ROC, "Taiwan"), but the various local spoken variants and the languages of the numerous ethnic groups of China remains in use. As the Soviet Union was an ally of the PRC at the time, the culture of Russia, especially the Russian language, was quite popular; but this trend was halted when a border dispute ended the Sino-Soviet alliance in 1961—the Sino-Soviet split. Cultural Revolution[edit] When the Cultural Revolution began in 1966 all forms of traditional culture, Chinese or Western, were suppressed, including to bring an end to the Four Olds. Temples and churches were vandalized by the Red Guards; Confucian morality was frowned upon; and a cult of personality surrounding Chairman Mao Zedong was promoted. The Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong (or the "Little Red Book") achieved sanctity equivalent to a holy text as part of Maoism, or "thoughts of Mao Zedong", which became the national ideology. Simplified Chinese ideograms were also officially introduced at the time, though many such simplified characters have existed for
hundreds of years.It was in an effort to promote literacy,but has brought about a number of debates. The artistic community was particularly affected by the Cultural Revolution.Initially only eight "Sample Acts",or propaganda performances,were allowed,along with the "Loyalty Dance",posters that deify Chairman Mao,and a large number of revolutionary songs such as The East Is Red.(See also Mao suit.) During the later stages of the Cultural Revolution,the Criticize Lin,Criticize Confucius campaign was a political campaign started by Mao Zedong's fourth wife Jiang Qing,which lasted from 1973 to 1974 and was an extension of the then-current anti-Lin Biao campaign,used to attack the then-Premier Zhou Enlai. Post-Mao era[edit] After the Maoist era,there has been a renaissance of traditional Chinese culture.Local religions including Buddhism,Taoism and Confucianism have flourished.These are not mutually exclusive,and many people practice a combination of the three along with elements of various folk religions.There has also been a revival of Chinese Islam and Christianity,although religious institutions remain under the control of the government.The Three-Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM)and the China Christian Council (CCC)are Protestant groups. The Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association (CCPA)and the Chinese Catholic Bishops Council (CCBC)are subordinate to the government in Beijing,instead of to the Holy See. Traditional Chinese arts have also re-emerged from the Cultural Revolution,but their developments have been hampered by the Chinese society's ready acceptance of outside cultural influences,[citation aeeded particularly the popular culture of Hong Kong,which has a huge following inside the PRC.Nevertheless the television stations in the PRC have in recent years produced numerous quality drama series, covering everything from imperial history to modern-day police actions,and are gaining immense popularity in mainland China. The official enforcement of the One-Child Policy has created a generation of "Little Emperors"doted upon by their parents,made more so by the development of a Western-style consumer culture within the PRC.This initially revived a sense of xenophilia among the mainland Chinese population that originated in the colonial days of the late 19th century.However,as mainland China became an economic
hundreds of years. It was in an effort to promote literacy, but has brought about a number of debates. The artistic community was particularly affected by the Cultural Revolution. Initially only eight "Sample Acts", or propaganda performances, were allowed, along with the "Loyalty Dance", posters that deify Chairman Mao, and a large number of revolutionary songs such as The East Is Red. (See also Mao suit.) During the later stages of the Cultural Revolution, the Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius campaign was a political campaign started by Mao Zedong's fourth wife Jiang Qing, which lasted from 1973 to 1974 and was an extension of the then-current anti-Lin Biao campaign, used to attack the then-Premier Zhou Enlai. Post-Mao era[edit] After the Maoist era, there has been a renaissance of traditional Chinese culture. Local religions including Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism have flourished. These are not mutually exclusive, and many people practice a combination of the three along with elements of various folk religions. There has also been a revival of Chinese Islam and Christianity, although religious institutions remain under the control of the government. The Three-Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM) and the China Christian Council (CCC) are Protestant groups. The Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association (CCPA) and the Chinese Catholic Bishops Council (CCBC) are subordinate to the government in Beijing, instead of to the Holy See. Traditional Chinese arts have also re-emerged from the Cultural Revolution, but their developments have been hampered by the Chinese society's ready acceptance of outside cultural influences,[citation needed] particularly the popular culture of Hong Kong, which has a huge following inside the PRC. Nevertheless the television stations in the PRC have in recent years produced numerous quality drama series, covering everything from imperial history to modern-day police actions, and are gaining immense popularity in mainland China. The official enforcement of the One-Child Policy has created a generation of "Little Emperors" doted upon by their parents, made more so by the development of a Western-style consumer culture within the PRC. This initially revived a sense of xenophilia among the mainland Chinese population that originated in the colonial days of the late 19th century. However, as mainland China became an economic
power in its own right,the PRC government has intentionally fostered a sense of patriotic pride amongst the mainland Chinese population, which some critics see as a resurgence of Chinese nationalism.[citation needed Beginning in the late 1980s and early 1990s mainland China became exposed to more western elements,notably pop culture.American cinema is popular.Young people gather late at night in bars and nightclubs.There is a growing obsession with brand names.Teen slang is incorporating western language.China has also developed a unique cell phone culture,as it has the most mobile phone users in the world;as well as being the country with the most internet users in the world. Literature[edit] Main article:Chinese literature Modern prose[edit] In the New Culture Movement (1917-23),literary writing style was largely replaced by the vernacular in all areas of literature.This was brought about mainly by Lu Xun (1881-1936),China's first major stylist in vernacular prose (other than the novel),and the literary reformers Hu Shi (1891-1962)and Chen Duxiu (1880-1942). The late 1920s and 1930s were years of creativity in Chinese fiction, and literary journals and societies espousing various artistic theories proliferated.Among the major writers of the period were Guo Moruo (1892-1978),a poet,historian,essayist,and critic;Mao Dun (1896-1981),the first of the novelists to emerge from the League of Left-Wing Writers and one whose work reflected the revolutionary struggle and disillusionment of the late 1920s;and Ba Jin (1904- 2005),a novelist whose work was influenced by Ivan Turgenev and other Russian writers.In the 1930s Ba Jin produced a trilogy that depicted the struggle of modern youth against the age-old dominance of the Confucian family system.Comparison often is made between lia (Family),one of the novels in the trilogy,and Hong Lou Meng. Another writer of the period was the gifted satirist and novelist Lao She (1899-1966).Many of these writers became important as administrators of artistic and literary policy after 1949.Most of those still alive during the Cultural Revolution were either purged or forced to submit to public humiliation
power in its own right, the PRC government has intentionally fostered a sense of patriotic pride amongst the mainland Chinese population, which some critics see as a resurgence of Chinese nationalism. [citation needed] Beginning in the late 1980s and early 1990s mainland China became exposed to more western elements, notably pop culture. American cinema is popular. Young people gather late at night in bars and nightclubs. There is a growing obsession with brand names. Teen slang is incorporating western language. China has also developed a unique cell phone culture, as it has the most mobile phone users in the world; as well as being the country with the most internet users in the world. Literature[edit] Main article: Chinese literature Modern prose[edit] In the New Culture Movement (1917–23), literary writing style was largely replaced by the vernacular in all areas of literature. This was brought about mainly by Lu Xun (1881–1936), China's first major stylist in vernacular prose (other than the novel), and the literary reformers Hu Shi (1891–1962) and Chen Duxiu (1880–1942). The late 1920s and 1930s were years of creativity in Chinese fiction, and literary journals and societies espousing various artistic theories proliferated. Among the major writers of the period were Guo Moruo (1892–1978), a poet, historian, essayist, and critic; Mao Dun (1896–1981), the first of the novelists to emerge from the League of Left-Wing Writers and one whose work reflected the revolutionary struggle and disillusionment of the late 1920s; and Ba Jin (1904– 2005), a novelist whose work was influenced by Ivan Turgenev and other Russian writers. In the 1930s Ba Jin produced a trilogy that depicted the struggle of modern youth against the age-old dominance of the Confucian family system. Comparison often is made between Jia (Family), one of the novels in the trilogy, and Hong Lou Meng. Another writer of the period was the gifted satirist and novelist Lao She (1899–1966). Many of these writers became important as administrators of artistic and literary policy after 1949. Most of those still alive during the Cultural Revolution were either purged or forced to submit to public humiliation
The League of Left-Wing Writers was founded in 1930 and included Lu Xun in its leadership.By 1932 it had adopted the Soviet doctrine of socialist realism,that is,the insistence that art must concentrate on contemporary events in a realistic way,exposing the ills of nonsocialist society and promoting the glorious future under communism.After 1949 socialist realism,based on Mao's famous 1942 "Yan'an Talks on Literature and Art,became the uniform style of Chinese authors whose works were published.Conflict,however,soon developed between the government and the writers.The ability to satirize and expose the evils in contemporary society that had made writers useful to the Chinese Communist Party before its accession to power was no longer welcomed.Even more unwelcome to the party was the persistence among writers of what was deplored as "petty bourgeois idealism,""humanitarianism,"and an insistence on freedom to choose subject matter. At the time of the Great Leap Forward,the government increased its insistence on the use of socialist realism and combined with it so- called revolutionary realism and revolutionary romanticism.Authors were permitted to write about contemporary China,as well as other times during China's modern period -as long as it was accomplished with the desired socialist revolutionary realism.Nonetheless,the political restrictions discouraged many writers.Although authors were encouraged to write,production of literature fell off to the point that in 1962 only forty-two novels were published. During the Cultural Revolution,the repression and intimidation led by Mao's fourth wife,Jiang Qing,succeeded in drying up all cultural activity except a few "model"operas and heroic stories.Although it has since been learned that some writers continued to produce in secret,during that period no significant literary work was published. Literature in the Post-Mao period[edit] The arrest of Jiang Qing and the other members of the Gang of Four in 1976,and especially the reforms initiated at the Third Plenum of the Eleventh National Party Congress Central Committee in December 1978, led more and more older writers and some younger writers to take up their pens again.Much of the literature discussed the serious abuses of power that had taken place at both the national and the local levels during the Cultural Revolution.The writers decried the waste of time and talent during that decade and bemoaned abuses that had held China back.At the same time,the writers expressed eagerness to
The League of Left-Wing Writers was founded in 1930 and included Lu Xun in its leadership. By 1932 it had adopted the Soviet doctrine of socialist realism, that is, the insistence that art must concentrate on contemporary events in a realistic way, exposing the ills of nonsocialist society and promoting the glorious future under communism. After 1949 socialist realism, based on Mao's famous 1942 "Yan'an Talks on Literature and Art," became the uniform style of Chinese authors whose works were published. Conflict, however, soon developed between the government and the writers. The ability to satirize and expose the evils in contemporary society that had made writers useful to the Chinese Communist Party before its accession to power was no longer welcomed. Even more unwelcome to the party was the persistence among writers of what was deplored as "petty bourgeois idealism," "humanitarianism," and an insistence on freedom to choose subject matter. At the time of the Great Leap Forward, the government increased its insistence on the use of socialist realism and combined with it socalled revolutionary realism and revolutionary romanticism. Authors were permitted to write about contemporary China, as well as other times during China's modern period - as long as it was accomplished with the desired socialist revolutionary realism. Nonetheless, the political restrictions discouraged many writers. Although authors were encouraged to write, production of literature fell off to the point that in 1962 only forty-two novels were published. During the Cultural Revolution, the repression and intimidation led by Mao's fourth wife, Jiang Qing, succeeded in drying up all cultural activity except a few "model" operas and heroic stories. Although it has since been learned that some writers continued to produce in secret, during that period no significant literary work was published. Literature in the Post-Mao period[edit] The arrest of Jiang Qing and the other members of the Gang of Four in 1976, and especially the reforms initiated at the Third Plenum of the Eleventh National Party Congress Central Committee in December 1978, led more and more older writers and some younger writers to take up their pens again. Much of the literature discussed the serious abuses of power that had taken place at both the national and the local levels during the Cultural Revolution. The writers decried the waste of time and talent during that decade and bemoaned abuses that had held China back. At the same time, the writers expressed eagerness to