限定性定语从句4■3）融合法（mixture)■一般用于两种情况：A.therebe结构：B.中心词（或主句）部分短小简单，主要信息落在定语上。·融合的结果是中心词变成了定语从句的主语，这样中心词和定语从句容为一体。We are a nation that must adhere to the guiding principle of socialism and fourmodernization·Electricity which is passed through the thin tungsten wire inside the bulb makesthe wire very hot.限定性定语从句5■2．多项定语从句：■a）并列定语从句：一般用and,or或but连接-This practice book is intendedforforeign engineersor students of engineeringwhohavealreadymasteredtheelementsofEnglish,andwhonowwanttousetheirknowledgeof the languagetoread books on theirown subjects■这本实用书是为那些已经掌握英语基本知识，而现在想用已学到的语言知识来阅读自已相关科自的书籍的外国工程人员和工程专业学生而编写的。■并列定语也称“一主二仆”式定语。限定性定语从句6■这类句子翻译时要看连接词在句中的语义作用来确定翻译方法，如上句的两个定语之间的逻辑关系是平等的，翻译出来的定语也是平等的。 Just consider that we use hardly one hundredthousandth of the heat that there is incoal andthatcouldbeextractedfromit!请想一想，储藏在煤里并可以提取的热量，我们用的还不到十万分之一！如果定语之间的逻辑在时间先后，因果等方面存在关系，翻译时要相应处理 The house (that) he bought in 1968, and that he sold two years later, is again on themarket！1968年他买的那幢房子，两年后他卖掉了，而现在买主又要卖了。限定性定语从句7■b）层次定语从句（多重定语）：大定语中有小定语。This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake lay in the housethat Jackbuilt.-I was endeavoringtoput off one sortof lifeforanother sortof lifewhich was notbetterthanthelifeIhadknownbefore·我那是想要脱离一种生活，改换另一种生活，但是我换到的生活比先前那一种并不见得好。·如果多从定语从句会造成定语部分太长，前置处理会出现头重脚轻，那么根据定语之间的内部关系进拆分。-Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humansand their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassionatedmannerthat natural scientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena
限定性定语从句 4 ▪ 3) 融合法（mixture) ▪ 一般用于两种情况：A. there be结构；B.中心词（或主句）部分短小简单，主 要信息落在定语上。 ▪ 融合的结果是中心词变成了定语从句的主语，这样中心词和定语从句容为一 体。 We are a nation that must adhere to the guiding principle of socialism and four modernization. Electricity which is passed through the thin tungsten wire inside the bulb makes the wire very hot. 限定性定语从句 5 ▪ 2. 多项定语从句： ▪ a) 并列定语从句：一般用and, or 或but连接 ▪ This practice book is intended for foreign engineers or students of engineering who have already mastered the elements of English, and who now want to use their knowledge of the language to read books on their own subjects. ▪ 这本实用书是为那些已经掌握英语基本知识，而现在想用已学到的语言知识来 阅读自己相关科目的书籍的外国工程人员和工程专业学生而编写的。 ▪ 并列定语也称 “一主二仆”式定语。 限定性定语从句 6 ▪ 这类句子翻译时要看连接词在句中的语义作用来确定翻译方法，如上句的两个 定语之间的逻辑关系是平等的，翻译出来的定语也是平等的。 ▪ Just consider that we use hardly one hundred thousandth of the heat that there is in coal and that could be extracted from it! ▪ 请想一想，储藏在煤里并可以提取的热量，我们用的还不到十万分之一! ▪ 如果定语之间的逻辑在时间先后，因果等方面存在关系，翻译时要相应处理： ▪ The house (that) he bought in 1968, and that he sold two years later, is again on the market. ▪ 1968年他买的那幢房子，两年后他卖掉了，而现在买主又要卖了。 限定性定语从句 7 ▪ b) 层次定语从句（多重定语）：大定语中有小定语。 ▪ This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake lay in the house that Jack built. ▪ I was endeavoring to put off one sort of life for another sort of life which was not better than the life I had known before. ▪ 我那是想要脱离一种生活，改换另一种生活，但是我换到的生活比先前那一种 并不见得好。 ▪ 如果多从定语从句会造成定语部分太长，前置处理会出现头重脚轻，那么根 据定语之间的内部关系进拆分。 ▪ Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassionated manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena
限定性定语从句8■c）重叠式多重定语从句(overlappedmultipleattributiveclause)■这一结构的特点是，第一个定语从句修饰其前的先行词，第二个定语从句修饰该°先行词+第一个定语从句士。第一个定语从句的关系词多为从句的宾语，通常省略。But there are other broadcasts which the listeners may find difficult to understand inwhich the taking of notes would be useless even if it were possible■但是，也另有一些收听者可能感到难听懂的广播：听这些时，即使可能做笔记，记了也往往没有用。限定性定语从句9d）同位式多重定语从句（appositivemultipleattributiveclause)同位式多重定语从句主要见于两种结构，一是“定语从句+同位语从句”结构，二是“定语从句+定语从句结构。后一种结构的第二个定语从句必须在意义或内容上是重复前一定语从句所表示的意义，往往起补充说明的作用。AbrahamLincolnisthemostfamous instanceoftheclaimthat Americans often make that in their country a man mayrise from the lowest to the highest position in their land.：美国人经常声称，在他们的祖国一个人可以在自已的国主上从最低地位提开到最高地位，亚伯拉罕林肯就是一个最有名的例证。（定语从句+同位语从句结构）【Sub-SectionTwo】非限定性定语从句■非限制性定语从句由于与主句关系松散，翻译时往往失去了定语的功能，而根据其在句中的语义逻辑关系，可以进行灵活处理：The idea, which left their mark on the development of European literature, chivalry,warfare,sanitation,commerce,political institution,medicineandpopery,greatlychangewestern culture·这种思想对欧洲文化，骑士制度，战争，公共卫生，商业，政治制度，医学和教皇制度等的发展打下烙印，（因而）极大地改变西方文化。（因果关系）（定语状语化现象)【Sub-Section Three】定语从句翻译总结1·定语结构的翻译：总结：方法：1）前置法2）拆译法3）融合法.4）综合法·除了前置法保持对等的定语功能外，其他方法都需要根据上下文的逻辑关系进行调整，结果是定语结构有可能失去了原来的功能，其中一个明显的现象是定语的状语化处理：·一，翻译成原因的定语：-1.The congressman tends to be very interested in public works-such as newgovernment buildings, water projects, military bases, that will bring money to theareaor improve livingconditions·议员一般对兴建公共工程极感兴趣，因为这样一来就能为本地区开辟财源或改善生活条件，这类工程如新的办公大楼，水利设施和军事基地等等
限定性定语从句 8 ▪ c) 重叠式多重定语从句 (overlapped multiple attributive clause) ▪ 这一结构的特点是，第一个定语从句修饰其前的先行词，第二个定语从句修饰 该¡°先行词+第一个定语从句¡±。第一个定语从句的关系词多为从句的宾语， 通常省略。 ▪ But there are other broadcasts which the listeners may find difficult to understand in which the taking of notes would be useless even if it were possible. ▪ 但是，也另有一些收听者可能感到难听懂的广播；听这些时，即使可能做笔记， 记了也往往没有用。 限定性定语从句 9 d) 同位式多重定语从句(appositive multiple attributive clause) ▪ 同位式多重定语从句主要见于两种结构，一是“定语从句+同位语从句”结构， 二是“定语从句+定语从句”结构。后一种结构的第二个定语从句必须在意义或 内容上是重复前一定语从句所表示的意义，往往起补充说明的作用。 ▪ Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often make that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position in their land. ▪ 美国人经常声称，在他们的祖国一个人可以在自己的国土上从最低地位提升到 最高地位，亚伯拉罕林肯就是一个最有名的例证。(定语从句+同位语从句结构) 【Sub-Section Two】 非限定性定语从句 ▪ 非限制性定语从句由于与主句关系松散，翻译时往往失去了定语的功能，而根 据其在句中的语义逻辑关系，可以进行灵活处理： ▪ The idea, which left their mark on the development of European literature, chivalry, warfare, sanitation, commerce, political institution, medicine and popery, greatly change western culture. ▪ 这种思想对欧洲文化，骑士制度，战争，公共卫生，商业，政治制度，医学和 教皇制度等的发展打下烙印，（因而）极大地改变西方文化。 （因果关系）( 定 语状语化现象) 【Sub-Section Three】 定语从句翻译总结 1 ▪ 定语结构的翻译：总结 ▪ 方法：1）前置法 2）拆译法 3）融合法 ▪ 4）综合法 ▪ 除了前置法保持对等的定语功能外，其他方法都需要根据上下文的逻辑关系进 行调整，结果是定语结构有可能失去了原来的功能，其中一个明显的现象是定 语的状语化处理： ▪ 一．翻译成原因的定语： ▪ 1. The congressman tends to be very interested in public works – such as new government buildings, water projects, military bases, that will bring money to the area or improve living conditions. ▪ 议员一般对兴建公共工程极感兴趣，因为这样一来就能为本地区开辟财源或改 善生活条件，这类工程如新的办公大楼，水利设施和军事基地等等
定语从句翻译总结22.Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing thedisputed refereeingdecisions thatdenied victorytotheirteams.■1998年世界杯被捧走以后，失望的球迷们还在咒骂那些有争议的裁定，因为这些裁定剥夺了他们所支持的球队获取胜利的机会。3.Mr.Smith did not remember his grandfather who died when he was only threeyears old.Smith先生不记得他的祖父，因为他去世时他仅有三岁。定语从句翻译总结3■二翻译成结果的定语1.There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleaseallofthem■这个方案有创造性，别出心裁，很有魄力，所以他们都喜欢。 2.They turned a deaf ear to our demands, which enraged all of us■他们对我们的要求置之不理，这使我们大家都很气债。定语从句翻译总结4■三，翻译成目的的定语1.Hewishtowriteanarticlethatwillattractpublicattentionstothematter他想写一篇文章，以便引起公众对这件事的注意。2.In an office, lists and information are compiled which tell themanagers or headsof thebusinesswhat is happening intheirshops orfactories：在办公室里，人们将各种数据，表格和资料加以汇编，这些汇编的数据，表格和资料可以使企业经理和主管人员了解他们的商店或工厂目前发生的事情。定语从句翻译总结5■四．翻译成让步的定语 1.He insisted on buying another tie which he had no use for■他坚持再买一条领带，尽管他还用不着。- 2.There was no respect even for Albert Einstein (in Hiterler's Germany), who onlywantedtothinkofproblemsbeyondtimeandspaceandpolitics■爱因斯坦只想考虑那些超脱时间，空间和政治的问题，就连他这样的人在希特勒统治下的德国也没有受到尊重。定语从句翻译总结6■五，翻译成条件状语的定语1.How can anyone hope to be a qualified teacher, who doesn't know what thestudents are thinking and demanding?■如果一个老师不知道学生在想怎么，需要怎么，他怎能希望成为一个合格的教师。-2.Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from perceptualknowledge is an idealist■如果认为理性认识可以不从感性认识得来，他就是一个唯心论者。定语从句翻译总结7■六：翻译成时间状语的定语1.The thief,whowas aboutto escape, was caughtby thepoliceman■小偷正要跑时被警察抓住了。 2. Electronic energy that is supplied to a lamp can be turned into light energy.■把电供给电灯时，电能就转变为光能
定语从句翻译总结 2 ▪ 2. Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing decisions that denied victory to their teams. ▪ 1998年世界杯被捧走以后，失望的球迷们还在咒骂那些有争议的裁定，因为这 些裁定剥夺了他们所支持的球队获取胜利的机会。 ▪ 3. Mr. Smith did not remember his grandfather who died when he was only three years old. ▪ Smith先生不记得他的祖父，因为他去世时他仅有三岁。 定语从句翻译总结 3 ▪ 二．翻译成结果的定语 ▪ 1. There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that please all of them. ▪ 这个方案有创造性，别出心裁，很有魄力，所以他们都喜欢。 ▪ 2. They turned a deaf ear to our demands, which enraged all of us. ▪ 他们对我们的要求置之不理，这使我们大家都很气愤。 定语从句翻译总结 4 ▪ 三．翻译成目的的定语 ▪ 1．He wish to write an article that will attract public attentions to the matter. ▪ 他想写一篇文章，以便引起公众对这件事的注意。 ▪ 2．In an office, lists and information are compiled which tell the managers or heads of the business what is happening in their shops or factories. ▪ 在办公室里，人们将各种数据，表格和资料加以汇编，这些汇编的数据，表 格和资料可以使企业经理和主管人员了解他们的商店或工厂目前发生的事情。 定语从句翻译总结 5 ▪ 四．翻译成让步的定语 ▪ 1．He insisted on buying another tie which he had no use for. ▪ 他坚持再买一条领带，尽管他还用不着。 ▪ 2.There was no respect even for Albert Einstein (in Hiterler’s Germany), who only wanted to think of problems beyond time and space and politics. ▪ 爱因斯坦只想考虑那些超脱时间，空间和政治的问题，就连他这样的人在希特 勒统治下的德国也没有受到尊重。 定语从句翻译总结 6 ▪ 五．翻译成条件状语的定语 ▪ 1．How can anyone hope to be a qualified teacher, who doesn’t know what the students are thinking and demanding? ▪ 如果一个老师不知道学生在想怎么，需要怎么，他怎能希望成为一个合格的教 师。 ▪ 2．Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from perceptual knowledge is an idealist. ▪ 如果认为理性认识可以不从感性认识得来，他就是一个唯心论者。 定语从句翻译总结 7 ▪ 六．翻译成时间状语的定语 ▪ 1．The thief, who was about to escape, was caught by the policeman. ▪ 小偷正要跑时被警察抓住了。 ▪ 2. Electronic energy that is supplied to a lamp can be turned into light energy. ▪ 把电供给电灯时，电能就转变为光能