Definition(定义) A syndrome characterized by: ◇ventricular chamber dilation(心腔扩大) ◇impaired systolic function(收缩功能减 of one or both ventricles ； ◇arrhythmias(心律失常). ◆Most common in middle-aged males(中年 男性)
6 Definition（定义） ◆A syndrome characterized by: ◇ ventricular chamber dilation(心腔扩大）； ◇ impaired systolic function (收缩功能减 退) of one or both ventricles ; ◇ arrhythmias (心律失常) . ◆ Most common in middle-aged males (中年 男性)
Etiology (病因学) ◆Unclear cause. Three possible basic mechanisms of damage: familial and genetic factors; ◇viral myocarditis(病毒性心肌炎)and other cytotoxic insults; immunological abnormalities
7 Etiology （病因学） ◆ Unclear cause. ◆ Three possible basic mechanisms of damage: ◇ familial and genetic factors; ◇ viral myocarditis (病毒性心肌炎) and other cytotoxic insults; ◇ immunological abnormalities
Pathology ◆Postmortem examination(尺体解剖）： enlargement and dilation of all four chambers(四个心腔均增大、扩张)； ◇normal cardiac valves（正常心脏瓣膜)； normal coronary arteries (正常冠状动脉)； ◇intracavitary thrombi(血栓)
8 Pathology ◆Postmortem examination (尸体解剖）: ◇enlargement and dilation of all four chambers (四个心腔均增大、扩张); ◇ normal cardiac valves （正常心脏瓣膜）; ◇ normal coronary arteries （正常冠状动脉）; ◇ intracavitary thrombi （血栓）
Clinical manifestations ◆History: asymptomatic -early stage, symptomatic -later; symptoms of congestive heart failure usually left-and right-sided heart failures occur simultaneously）(心力衰 竭，左、右心衰同时发生)； ◇emboli and sudden death(血栓、死)； ◇all kinds of arrhythmias(心律失當)
9 Clinical manifestations ◆History: ◇ asymptomatic - early stage, symptomatic - later; ◇ symptoms of congestive heart failure ( usually left- and right- sided heart failures occur simultaneously )（心力衰 竭，左、右心衰同时发生） ; ◇ emboli and sudden death （血栓、猝死）; ◇ all kinds of arrhythmias (心律失常）
Clinical manifestations(临床表现) Physical examination: findings of congestive heart failure (心衰)； ◇cardiac enlargement(心y脏增大) systolic murmurs-non-organic due to mitral or tricuspid valvular regurgitation ) ◇arrhythmias(心律失常) 10
10 Clinical manifestations(临床表现) ◆ Physical examination: ◇ findings of congestive heart failure （心衰）; ◇ cardiac enlargement（心脏增大）; ◇ systolic murmurs- non- organic ( due to mitral or tricuspid valvular regurgitation ); ◇ arrhythmias（心律失常）