1.Cultural VariabilityPerspectiveCulturesdifferfromone anotheronacontinuumof variations in accordancewithsome basic dimensions or core valuecharacteristicsOne oftheseis individualism-collectivismvaluetendencies
1. Cultural Variability Perspective Cultures differ from one another on a continuum of variations in accordance with some basic dimensions or core value characteristics. One of these is individualism-collectivism value tendencies
1.1 Definition of individualism andcollectivismIndividualism: a culture emphasizing the importance ofindividual identityover groupidentityindividual rightsovergroup rightsIndividualneedsovergroupneeds Example:Australia,Canada,theU.Collectivism:a culture emphasizing theimportance ofThe We identity overthe IidentityGroupobligations overindividual rightsIn-group orientedneedsoverindividual wantsanddesiresExample:China,Korea,Japan,Mexico
1.1 Definition of individualism and collectivism Individualism: a culture emphasizing the importance of ◼ individual identity over group identity ◼ individual rights over group rights ◼ Individual needs over group needs ◼ Example: Australia, Canada, the U.S Collectivism: a culture emphasizing the importance of ◼ The We identity over the I identity ◼ Group obligations over individual rights ◼ In-group oriented needs over individual wants and desires ◼ Example: China, Korea, Japan, Mexico
1.2In-groupandout-groupOIn-group:Agroupwhosevalues,norms,andrulesare deemedas salient to the effective functioning of the group insociety,and these norms serve as the guiding criteriaforeverydaybehaviorsOOut-group:Agroup whosevalues,norms,andrulesare viewedas inconsistent with those of the in-group, and thesenorms are assigned a low priority from the in-groupstandard
1.2 In-group and out-group In-group: ◼ A group whose values, norms, and rules are deemed as salient to the effective functioning of the group in society, and these norms serve as the guiding criteria for everyday behaviors. Out-group: ◼ A group whose values, norms, and rules are viewed as inconsistent with those of the in-group, and these norms are assigned a low priority from the in-group standard
1.3 Factors shaping individualistand collectivisticvaluesInfluencing Factors.EcologyAffluenceSocial and geographic mobilityMigrationCultural background of parentsSocialization Rural orurban environmentMassmediaexposureEducationSocial changes
1.3 Factors shaping individualist and collectivistic values Influencing Factors ◼ Ecology ◼ Affluence ◼ Social and geographic mobility ◼ Migration ◼ Cultural background of parents ◼ Socialization ◼ Rural or urban environment ◼ Mass media exposure ◼ Education ◼ Social changes
1.4Independentandinterdependentconstrual of selfIndependentconstrual of self Found in individualistic culturesSeeingoneself as an agent,aproducer of one'sactions.Being in controlFreetoexpress one's ownthoughts,feelings,andactions of others- Acts of standing out form an important basis of self-esteem
1.4 Independent and interdependent construal of self Independent construal of self ◼ Found in individualistic cultures ◼ Seeing oneself as an agent, a producer of one’s actions. ◼ Being in control ◼ Free to express one’s own thoughts, feelings, and actions of others. ◼ Acts of standing out form an important basis of selfesteem