Part 1:Measuring the Global Gender Gap of its Economic Participation and Opportunity gender the only country from the region ranked in the top 10. gap and 19%of the gap on the Political Empowerment Its high ranking can be explained by Rwanda's strong have been closed.Since 2006,the region(17 countries performance on the Political Empowerment subindex(7th) were included from 2006 to 2015)has experienced an and good performance on the Economic Participation and increase of its overall score from 0.64 to 0.67,which is Opportunity subindex(14th).However,this performance the fourth-largest absolute increase after North America, is slightly offset by lower scores and wider gender gaps Latin America and the Caribbean and Europe and Central on Health and Survival and Educational Attainment. Asia.On the Economic Participation and Opportunity Rwanda has closed its gender gap on the Labour force and Political Empowerment subindexes,the region has participation,Enrolment in primary education,Sex ratio demonstrated the fourth largest absolute increase,and at birth and Women in parliament indicators.It is also the the third-largest absolute improvement on the Educational best-performing country overall on the Perceived wage Attainment subindex.On Health and Survival however,the equality for similar work indicator. region improved more than any of the five regions.Thirty- Namibia(16)climbed from 40th in 2006 to 16th in one countries from the region are included in the 2015 2015 on the overall Index,the region's largest overall score index;three-Benin,Cameroon and The Gambia-are improvement.The country is also the region's best climber new this year.In 2015,Rwanda(6),Namibia(16)and South on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex Africa(17)rank among the top 20 countries on the overall compared to 2006.It is one of two countries from the Index,with Namibia climbing from 40th in 2014 into the top region that has closed its gender gaps on the Educational 20 for the first time.Mali(137)and Chad (142)are among Attainment and Health and Survival subindexes.The the 10 countries at the bottom. country has also closed its literacy rate gender gap. Among the top 20 performing countries on the Compared to 2006,the country has improved on all four Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex are subindexes.Following Namibia,South Africa(17)is the Burundi,Malawi,Ghana,Rwanda and Botswana.Nine third Sub-Saharan country in the top 20.Compared to countries from Sub-Saharan Africa are in the top 20 on last year,South Africa increased its overall performance the Labour force participation indicator,with Malawi, by one ranking due to improvements on the Economic Mozambique,Rwanda and Burundi demonstrating a Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment higher representation of women in the labour force subindexes.Its gender gap on Health and Survival than men.Globally,Rwanda is the country with the subindex remains closed.The country ranks 85th on best wage equality for similar work,followed by Norway the Educational Attainment subindex and 72nd on the and then Zambia.Namibia and Lesotho are the only Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex.On the two countries from the region that have closed their Political Empowerment subindex,South Africa is among Educational Attainment and Health and Survival gender the top 20 performers,ranking 14th,due to high scores on gaps.Botswana,Lesotho,Namibia,and Swaziland are both the Women in parliament and Women in ministerial among the world's 25 countries that have fully closed their positions indicators. Educational Attainment gender gaps,while Benin and Burundi(23)is ranks in the top five on Economic Chad rank the lowest overall on that subindex.Six of the Participation and Opportunity and shows a strong 10 lowest-ranked countries on the literacy rate indicator performance on Political Empowerment(28).Compared are from the region.Whereas 16 countries in the region to last year,scores on three of four subindexes have have closed their gender gap for primary education,only decreased-the exception being Political Empowerment. nine have closed it for secondary education and seven for The country is one of four countries that has closed its tertiary education.On the Health and Survival subindex, gender gap on the Labour Participation indicator,but is Namibia,Cape Verde,Zimbabwe,Lesotho,South Africa, among the 10 lowest-performing countries with regard Uganda,Angola and Mauritius are among the 40 countries to enrolment in both primary and tertiary education. that have closed their gender gap.In 141st position,Mali Mozambique(27)remains at the same rank as last year ranks among the 10 lowest-performing countries on despite a slight increase of its overall score.It,too,is one that subindex.On the Political Empowerment subindex, of four countries that have closed the gender gap on the Rwanda and South Africa are the two countries from the Labour force participation indicator.Yet it is among the 20 region in the top 20.Rwanda,Senegal,South Africa and lowest-performing countries globally on the Literacy rate Namibia are among the 10 top-ranked countries on the and Enrolment in primary and tertiary education indicators. Women in parliament indicator.In fact,Rwanda is ranked Kenya(48)dropped eleven places on the overall rankings first globally and one of only two countries(including this year,mostly due to a decrease on both the Wage Bolivia)worldwide that have more women in parliament equality for similar work and Women in ministerial positions than men. indicators.The country ranks 25th on the Economic Rwanda(6)is included in the Global Gender Gap Participation and Opportunity subindex,62nd on the Index for the second year and gained one place in Political Empowerment subindex,85th on the Health and 2015.It is the strongest performer from the region and 28 The Global Gender Gap Report 2015
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap 28 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 of its Economic Participation and Opportunity gender gap and 19% of the gap on the Political Empowerment have been closed. Since 2006, the region (17 countries were included from 2006 to 2015) has experienced an increase of its overall score from 0.64 to 0.67, which is the fourth-largest absolute increase after North America, Latin America and the Caribbean and Europe and Central Asia. On the Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes, the region has demonstrated the fourth largest absolute increase, and the third-largest absolute improvement on the Educational Attainment subindex. On Health and Survival however, the region improved more than any of the five regions. Thirtyone countries from the region are included in the 2015 index; three—Benin, Cameroon and The Gambia—are new this year. In 2015, Rwanda (6), Namibia (16) and South Africa (17) rank among the top 20 countries on the overall Index, with Namibia climbing from 40th in 2014 into the top 20 for the first time. Mali (137) and Chad (142) are among the 10 countries at the bottom. Among the top 20 performing countries on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex are Burundi, Malawi, Ghana, Rwanda and Botswana. Nine countries from Sub-Saharan Africa are in the top 20 on the Labour force participation indicator, with Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda and Burundi demonstrating a higher representation of women in the labour force than men. Globally, Rwanda is the country with the best wage equality for similar work, followed by Norway and then Zambia. Namibia and Lesotho are the only two countries from the region that have closed their Educational Attainment and Health and Survival gender gaps. Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, and Swaziland are among the world’s 25 countries that have fully closed their Educational Attainment gender gaps, while Benin and Chad rank the lowest overall on that subindex. Six of the 10 lowest-ranked countries on the literacy rate indicator are from the region. Whereas 16 countries in the region have closed their gender gap for primary education, only nine have closed it for secondary education and seven for tertiary education. On the Health and Survival subindex, Namibia, Cape Verde, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, South Africa, Uganda, Angola and Mauritius are among the 40 countries that have closed their gender gap. In 141st position, Mali ranks among the 10 lowest-performing countries on that subindex. On the Political Empowerment subindex, Rwanda and South Africa are the two countries from the region in the top 20. Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa and Namibia are among the 10 top-ranked countries on the Women in parliament indicator. In fact, Rwanda is ranked first globally and one of only two countries (including Bolivia) worldwide that have more women in parliament than men. Rwanda (6) is included in the Global Gender Gap Index for the second year and gained one place in 2015. It is the strongest performer from the region and the only country from the region ranked in the top 10. Its high ranking can be explained by Rwanda’s strong performance on the Political Empowerment subindex (7th) and good performance on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex (14th). However, this performance is slightly offset by lower scores and wider gender gaps on Health and Survival and Educational Attainment. Rwanda has closed its gender gap on the Labour force participation, Enrolment in primary education, Sex ratio at birth and Women in parliament indicators. It is also the best-performing country overall on the Perceived wage equality for similar work indicator. Namibia (16) climbed from 40th in 2006 to 16th in 2015 on the overall Index, the region’s largest overall score improvement. The country is also the region’s best climber on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex compared to 2006. It is one of two countries from the region that has closed its gender gaps on the Educational Attainment and Health and Survival subindexes. The country has also closed its literacy rate gender gap. Compared to 2006, the country has improved on all four subindexes. Following Namibia, South Africa (17) is the third Sub-Saharan country in the top 20. Compared to last year, South Africa increased its overall performance by one ranking due to improvements on the Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes. Its gender gap on Health and Survival subindex remains closed. The country ranks 85th on the Educational Attainment subindex and 72nd on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex. On the Political Empowerment subindex, South Africa is among the top 20 performers, ranking 14th, due to high scores on both the Women in parliament and Women in ministerial positions indicators. Burundi (23) is ranks in the top five on Economic Participation and Opportunity and shows a strong performance on Political Empowerment (28). Compared to last year, scores on three of four subindexes have decreased—the exception being Political Empowerment. The country is one of four countries that has closed its gender gap on the Labour Participation indicator, but is among the 10 lowest-performing countries with regard to enrolment in both primary and tertiary education. Mozambique (27) remains at the same rank as last year despite a slight increase of its overall score. It, too, is one of four countries that have closed the gender gap on the Labour force participation indicator. Yet it is among the 20 lowest-performing countries globally on the Literacy rate and Enrolment in primary and tertiary education indicators. Kenya (48) dropped eleven places on the overall rankings this year, mostly due to a decrease on both the Wage equality for similar work and Women in ministerial positions indicators. The country ranks 25th on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex, 62nd on the Political Empowerment subindex, 85th on the Health and
Part 1:Measuring the Global Gender Gap Survival subindex,and 113th on the Educational Attainment Ghana improved most noticeably on the Economic subindex participation and Opportunity subindex and is among the Tanzania(49)moves two places down from last top 10 countries on the Labour force participation indicator year despite no changes to its overall score.Compared and the region's best performer on the Legislators,senior to last year,it has slightly improved its performance officials and managers indicator,where it has closed the on Educational Attainment,Health and Survival and gender gap. Economic Participation and Opportunity subindexes,while Next are Malawi(68),Senegal (72)and Madagascar decreasing slightly on Political Empowerment.Tanzania (74).Malawi drops 34 places compared to last year, is the country with the biggest decrease overall on the mainly due to a decline on the Economic Participation Economic pillar over the last 10 years.Tanzania ranks 5th and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes, overall on the Labour force participation and 10th on the though it improved,slightly,its performance on the other Estimated earned income indicators,while it is the lowest- two subindexes.The country is one of four countries performing country from the region on the Legislator, that have closed the gender gap on the Labour force senior officials and managers indicator.Cape Verde(50) participation indicator.Senegal has slightly improved its maintains its position this year despite a slight overall performance over the last year with increased scores for score increase.Cape Verde demonstrates a particularly all subindexes except for Health and Survival,which fell strong performance on Health and Survival where it slightly in 2015.Madagascar sees a significant drop of 33 has closed its gender gap.It ranks 25th on the Political places in the ranking compared to last year.The country Empowerment subindex,where it has the region's highest decreased its score on both the Economic Participation percentage-53%--of women in ministerial positions. and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes, Botswana(55)moves a few places down from last year. while showing a stable performance on the Health and The country closed its Educational Attainment gap and Survival subindex and a slight increase on the Educational continues to demonstrate a strong performance on the Attainment subindex Economic Participation and Opportuniy subindex,ranking Due to a lack of data Cameroon(90)was not included 15th.It has closed its literacy gender gap.Compared to in last year's Report.In 2013,however,it ranked 100th, 10 years ago,Botswana is the country that has made the which means that it gained 10 places over the last two region's biggest improvement on the Health and Survival years,mainly because of improvements on the Political subindex but also the largest decrease on the Political Empowerment subindex.Similarly,The Gambia(98)re- Empowerment subindex. enters the rankings after a gap of two years due to newly Zimbabwe (57)climbed six places from 2014 to available data.When last included in 2012,the country 2015.This is mainly due to an increase in performance ranked 93rd.The Gambia has experienced a slight on the Educational Attainment subindex;in particular, decrease on its Economic Participation and Opportunity, improvements on the Literacy rate and Enrolment in Health and Survival and Political Empowerment subindex secondary and tertiary education indicators(Zimbabwe has scores compared to 2012.On the other hand,it has closed its gender gap on Enrolment in primary education). improved its Educational Attainment performance.It is the Zimbabwe is one of eight countries in the region that has region's lowest-performing country on the Professional and closed its gender gap on Health and Survival.Uganda technical workers indicator. (58)climbed 30 places this year and is the region's third- Swaziland(102),included for the first time in 2014, most improved country from 2014.The country has also improved its Educational Attainment score,whereas its improved its Economic Participation and Opportunity, Economic Participation and Opportunity and Heath and Educational Attainment and Health and Survival subindex Survival subindexes scores fell.Swaziland is the second- scores,while it its Political Empowerment subindex lowest performing country on Health and Survival,ahead performance has decreased.Uganda is among the top 10 of Mali.It has maintained the same score on the Political performers on the Labour force participation indicator,but Empowerment subindex. is the region's lowest-ranked performer on the Estimated Next are Liberia(112),Burkina Faso (114)and earned income indicator.Lesotho(61)drops 23 places in Zambia(116).Liberia is included for the second time the ranking compared to last year.Though the country has in the rankings and has dropped one place from 2014 closed its Educational Attainment and Health and Survival despite a slight overall increase of its score The country's gaps,it ranks 68th on both the Economic Participation and performance on the Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes;on Opportunity subindex decreased,while its Educational the former subindex,the country experienced its second Attainment and Political Empowerment subindex scores lowest score of the past 10 years.Lesotho is one of improved slightly.Its Health and Survival score remains four countries from the region that has closed its literacy unchanged.Liberia is the world's worst performing country gender gap.Ghana(63)climbed 38 places in 2015 and on the Literacy rate indicator.Burkina Faso fell four places improved its performance on all subindexes.It has shown this year,but is the country that has shown the largest the region's second-largest improvement after Namibia. improvement on the Educational Attainment subindex over The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 29
The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 | 29 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap Survival subindex, and 113th on the Educational Attainment subindex. Tanzania (49) moves two places down from last year despite no changes to its overall score. Compared to last year, it has slightly improved its performance on Educational Attainment, Health and Survival and Economic Participation and Opportunity subindexes, while decreasing slightly on Political Empowerment. Tanzania is the country with the biggest decrease overall on the Economic pillar over the last 10 years. Tanzania ranks 5th overall on the Labour force participation and 10th on the Estimated earned income indicators, while it is the lowestperforming country from the region on the Legislator, senior officials and managers indicator. Cape Verde (50) maintains its position this year despite a slight overall score increase. Cape Verde demonstrates a particularly strong performance on Health and Survival where it has closed its gender gap. It ranks 25th on the Political Empowerment subindex, where it has the region’s highest percentage—53%--of women in ministerial positions. Botswana (55) moves a few places down from last year. The country closed its Educational Attainment gap and continues to demonstrate a strong performance on the Economic Participation and Opportuniy subindex, ranking 15th. It has closed its literacy gender gap. Compared to 10 years ago, Botswana is the country that has made the region’s biggest improvement on the Health and Survival subindex but also the largest decrease on the Political Empowerment subindex. Zimbabwe (57) climbed six places from 2014 to 2015. This is mainly due to an increase in performance on the Educational Attainment subindex; in particular, improvements on the Literacy rate and Enrolment in secondary and tertiary education indicators (Zimbabwe has closed its gender gap on Enrolment in primary education). Zimbabwe is one of eight countries in the region that has closed its gender gap on Health and Survival. Uganda (58) climbed 30 places this year and is the region’s thirdmost improved country from 2014. The country has also improved its Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment and Health and Survival subindex scores, while it its Political Empowerment subindex performance has decreased. Uganda is among the top 10 performers on the Labour force participation indicator, but is the region’s lowest-ranked performer on the Estimated earned income indicator. Lesotho (61) drops 23 places in the ranking compared to last year. Though the country has closed its Educational Attainment and Health and Survival gaps, it ranks 68th on both the Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes; on the former subindex, the country experienced its second lowest score of the past 10 years. Lesotho is one of four countries from the region that has closed its literacy gender gap. Ghana (63) climbed 38 places in 2015 and improved its performance on all subindexes. It has shown the region’s second-largest improvement after Namibia. Ghana improved most noticeably on the Economic participation and Opportunity subindex and is among the top 10 countries on the Labour force participation indicator and the region’s best performer on the Legislators, senior officials and managers indicator, where it has closed the gender gap. Next are Malawi (68), Senegal (72) and Madagascar (74). Malawi drops 34 places compared to last year, mainly due to a decline on the Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes, though it improved, slightly, its performance on the other two subindexes. The country is one of four countries that have closed the gender gap on the Labour force participation indicator. Senegal has slightly improved its performance over the last year with increased scores for all subindexes except for Health and Survival, which fell slightly in 2015. Madagascar sees a significant drop of 33 places in the ranking compared to last year. The country decreased its score on both the Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes, while showing a stable performance on the Health and Survival subindex and a slight increase on the Educational Attainment subindex. Due to a lack of data Cameroon (90) was not included in last year’s Report. In 2013, however, it ranked 100th, which means that it gained 10 places over the last two years, mainly because of improvements on the Political Empowerment subindex. Similarly, The Gambia (98) reenters the rankings after a gap of two years due to newly available data. When last included in 2012, the country ranked 93rd. The Gambia has experienced a slight decrease on its Economic Participation and Opportunity, Health and Survival and Political Empowerment subindex scores compared to 2012. On the other hand, it has improved its Educational Attainment performance. It is the region’s lowest-performing country on the Professional and technical workers indicator. Swaziland (102), included for the first time in 2014, improved its Educational Attainment score, whereas its Economic Participation and Opportunity and Heath and Survival subindexes scores fell. Swaziland is the secondlowest performing country on Health and Survival, ahead of Mali. It has maintained the same score on the Political Empowerment subindex. Next are Liberia (112), Burkina Faso (114) and Zambia (116). Liberia is included for the second time in the rankings and has dropped one place from 2014 despite a slight overall increase of its score The country’s performance on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex decreased, while its Educational Attainment and Political Empowerment subindex scores improved slightly. Its Health and Survival score remains unchanged. Liberia is the world’s worst performing country on the Literacy rate indicator. Burkina Faso fell four places this year, but is the country that has shown the largest improvement on the Educational Attainment subindex over
Part 1:Measuring the Global Gender Gap the last 10 years.Zambia climbed three places from 2014, be the region's lowest ranked country on the overall Index, and is among the top 10 on the wage equality survey. as well as the lowest-performing country overall on the Mauritius (120)follows,though it has dropped 14 places Educational Attainment subindex from 2014 due to decreases on the Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes. TRACKING THE GENDER GAP OVER TIME The country has closed its gender gap on the Health and Since 2006,the Global Gender Gap Report has served as Survival subindex.It is the lowest performing country from a benchmark for different stakeholders to track a country's the region on the Labour force participation indicator. standing in gender parity over time-whether relative to Ethiopia(124)has moved up three places from 2014 other countries or to themselves.As we consider 10 years The country ranks 44th on the Political Empowerment of data,it is possible to assess the speed of progress subindex and 59th on the Health and Survival subindex, and understand more about the nature of the changes but only 108th on the Economic Participation and underway. Opportunity and 140th on the Educational Attainment The aggregate figures allow for an estimate of the subindexes.Ethiopia has seen the region's biggest state of gender parity across the world as a whole.In improvement on the Political Empowerment subindex 2006,the Index showed that the world had closed 64%of since 2006.Nigeria(125)lost seven places in 2015, the gender gap.In the past 10 years,the gap has closed due to a decrease on all subindexes except the by a further 4%.There is variation across regions,with Educational Attainment subindex.However,the country some moving ahead faster than others,but no region has has demonstrated the region's largest decrease on this managed to change its overall placement since 2006.The subindex over the last 10 years.Today,it ranks 61st on Latin America and the Caribbean region,which closed its the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex. gap by over 4%in the past 10 years,has made the most It is among the 10 worst performing countries on the progress.Asia and the Pacific is next,but started with a Educational Attainment subindex and has the region's wider gap.Sub-Saharan Africa,Europe and Central Asia, lowest percentage of female parliamentarians.Angola and North America follow next,having closed 3.7%,3.6% (126)has dropped five places despite an overall score and 3.5%of their gaps,respectively.The Middle East and improvement.The country has closed its gender gap on North Africa region has made the least progress,at 2.9% the Health and Survival subindex and ranks 38th on the Nordic countries had some of the smallest gender Political Empowerment subindex.Angola is among the five gaps in 2006.In 2015,they remain the countries with lowest performing countries on the Educational Attainment some of the smallest gender gaps in the world-but their subindex and ranks 116th on the Economic Participation progress towards parity has been uneven.Finland and and Opportunity subindex.Angola is the lowest performing Norway,the countries with the second and third smallest country on the Perceived wage equality for similar work gender gaps in 2006,have closed them by 5%over the and Enrolment in primary education indicators.However, past 10 years,making steady progress.In 2006,Sweden it does rank among the world's top 25 countries on the had the narrowest gender gap in the world.However Women in parliament indicator. over the past 10 years,it has closed it by a mere 1%. Benin(129)re-enters the rankings after a one-year Its neighbour Iceland has overtaken it by making 10% absence due to missing data.The country ranks 33rd on progress to top the rankings.As it currently has the the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex and narrowest gender gap in the world-having closed it by is second-to-last on the Educational Attainment subindex. 38%-if Iceland were to make similar progress in the next It is also second-to-last on the Literacy rate indicator 10 years,it will be in a position to close its gender gap fully. and part of the bottom 10 countries on the Enrolment Progress has emerged from both high-and low- in primary,secondary and tertiary education indicators. ranked countries.For example,Iceland's strong progress Included for the first time last year,Guinea(131)made is matched by that of Nicaragua,Bolivia,and Nepal, small progress in its overall performance this year.The who are among the countries that have made the most final positions in the region are occupied by Cote d'lvoire progress on reducing their gender gap in the past 10 years (133),Mali(137)and Chad(142).Cote d'lvoire gained three (by 10-12%).Nicaragua leads the way,having closed its places over last year.The country is among the bottom political gender gap by 32%and its economic gender gap 10 countries on the Educational Attainment subindex.It by 16%.Bolivia has made similar progress.Nepal started is the fifth-lowest performing country on the Enrolment in its transition from having the 5th largest gap(55%overall) secondary education indicator.Mali gained one place in and has now closed its political gender gap by 13%and its rank over 2014,improving on all four subindexes except the education gender gap by 18%.While Yemen has remained Health and Survival subindex.Mali has seen the region's the lowest-ranked country throughout the 10 years,it has largest score decrease since 2006 on both the overall made progress-from having closed a mere 46%of its Index as well as on the Health and Survival subindex.This gender gap in 2006 to closing the gap by a further 2.5% year,Mali is also the worst performing country globally on today.In 2006,Chad and Saudi Arabia had the second the Healthy life expectancy indicator.Chad continues to and third widest gender gaps in the world.The past 10 30 The Global Gender Gap Report 2015
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap 30 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 the last 10 years. Zambia climbed three places from 2014, and is among the top 10 on the wage equality survey. Mauritius (120) follows, though it has dropped 14 places from 2014 due to decreases on the Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes. The country has closed its gender gap on the Health and Survival subindex. It is the lowest performing country from the region on the Labour force participation indicator. Ethiopia (124) has moved up three places from 2014. The country ranks 44th on the Political Empowerment subindex and 59th on the Health and Survival subindex, but only 108th on the Economic Participation and Opportunity and 140th on the Educational Attainment subindexes. Ethiopia has seen the region’s biggest improvement on the Political Empowerment subindex since 2006. Nigeria (125) lost seven places in 2015, due to a decrease on all subindexes except the Educational Attainment subindex. However, the country has demonstrated the region’s largest decrease on this subindex over the last 10 years. Today, it ranks 61st on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex. It is among the 10 worst performing countries on the Educational Attainment subindex and has the region’s lowest percentage of female parliamentarians. Angola (126) has dropped five places despite an overall score improvement. The country has closed its gender gap on the Health and Survival subindex and ranks 38th on the Political Empowerment subindex. Angola is among the five lowest performing countries on the Educational Attainment subindex and ranks 116th on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex. Angola is the lowest performing country on the Perceived wage equality for similar work and Enrolment in primary education indicators. However, it does rank among the world’s top 25 countries on the Women in parliament indicator. Benin (129) re-enters the rankings after a one-year absence due to missing data. The country ranks 33rd on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex and is second-to-last on the Educational Attainment subindex. It is also second-to-last on the Literacy rate indicator and part of the bottom 10 countries on the Enrolment in primary, secondary and tertiary education indicators. Included for the first time last year, Guinea (131) made small progress in its overall performance this year. The final positions in the region are occupied by Côte d’Ivoire (133), Mali (137) and Chad (142). Côte d’Ivoire gained three places over last year. The country is among the bottom 10 countries on the Educational Attainment subindex. It is the fifth-lowest performing country on the Enrolment in secondary education indicator. Mali gained one place in rank over 2014, improving on all four subindexes except the Health and Survival subindex. Mali has seen the region’s largest score decrease since 2006 on both the overall Index as well as on the Health and Survival subindex. This year, Mali is also the worst performing country globally on the Healthy life expectancy indicator. Chad continues to be the region’s lowest ranked country on the overall Index, as well as the lowest-performing country overall on the Educational Attainment subindex. TRACKING THE GENDER GAP OVER TIME Since 2006, the Global Gender Gap Report has served as a benchmark for different stakeholders to track a country’s standing in gender parity over time—whether relative to other countries or to themselves. As we consider 10 years of data, it is possible to assess the speed of progress and understand more about the nature of the changes underway. The aggregate figures allow for an estimate of the state of gender parity across the world as a whole. In 2006, the Index showed that the world had closed 64% of the gender gap. In the past 10 years, the gap has closed by a further 4%. There is variation across regions, with some moving ahead faster than others, but no region has managed to change its overall placement since 2006. The Latin America and the Caribbean region, which closed its gap by over 4% in the past 10 years, has made the most progress. Asia and the Pacific is next, but started with a wider gap. Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe and Central Asia, and North America follow next, having closed 3.7%, 3.6% and 3.5% of their gaps, respectively. The Middle East and North Africa region has made the least progress, at 2.9%. Nordic countries had some of the smallest gender gaps in 2006. In 2015, they remain the countries with some of the smallest gender gaps in the world—but their progress towards parity has been uneven. Finland and Norway, the countries with the second and third smallest gender gaps in 2006, have closed them by 5% over the past 10 years, making steady progress. In 2006, Sweden had the narrowest gender gap in the world. However over the past 10 years, it has closed it by a mere 1%. Its neighbour Iceland has overtaken it by making 10% progress to top the rankings. As it currently has the narrowest gender gap in the world—having closed it by 88%—if Iceland were to make similar progress in the next 10 years, it will be in a position to close its gender gap fully. Progress has emerged from both high- and lowranked countries. For example, Iceland’s strong progress is matched by that of Nicaragua, Bolivia, and Nepal, who are among the countries that have made the most progress on reducing their gender gap in the past 10 years (by 10–12%). Nicaragua leads the way, having closed its political gender gap by 32% and its economic gender gap by 16%. Bolivia has made similar progress. Nepal started its transition from having the 5th largest gap (55% overall) and has now closed its political gender gap by 13% and its education gender gap by 18%. While Yemen has remained the lowest-ranked country throughout the 10 years, it has made progress—from having closed a mere 46% of its gender gap in 2006 to closing the gap by a further 2.5% today. In 2006, Chad and Saudi Arabia had the second and third widest gender gaps in the world. The past 10
Part 1:Measuring the Global Gender Gap Figure 14:Distance from gender parity 2015,by region Figure 15:Distance from gender parity 2015,by subindex 100 5% 100 2% 32% 77% 92% 5% 63 71% 63 66% 64% 57% 649% 56% 14% Asia and Eurcoe and Latin America Midce East North Sub-Saheran INDEX ECONOMY EDUCATION POLITICS the Pacific and the America Africa HEALTH Cantral Asia and Carbbean North Africa ■■■■■■em3 ining gap ■closed gap,2015 ■remaining gap ■closed gap,2015 ■closed gap,2006 ■widening gap,2015■closed gap,2006 Source (Figures 14-15):Global Gender Gap Index 2015. years has seen both countries make strong progress by economic gender gap has been decreased by 7%. narrowing their gender gaps by 5.5%and 8%,respectively. standing at 82%today.Europe and Central Asia and Sub- In fact,Saudi Arabia has progressed past Pakistan,Chad, Saharan Africa are not far behind,having shrunk the gap Iran,Jordan,Morocco and Mali by roughly 6%,over the past 10 years,and by 62-63% Sri Lanka,Jordan,Mali,the Slovak Republic and overall.Women's economic participation is least improved Croatia form the 6%of countries that have widened their in the Middle East and North Africa-where the economic gender gaps over the past 10 years.In Jordan and Sri gap has been reduced by 1%.The Asia and the Pacific Lanka the gap has widened by more than 1%.In other region has also made little progress in closing its gender countries progress has stalled.For example,Iran's gender gap on this subindex,with a similar 1%increase.To reach gap stands at 58%today,just as it did in 2006;and gender parity in economic participation in the future,Asia Pakistan's slow progress in gender parity has seen it fall and the Pacific would need to close a 47%gap and the behind Saudi Arabia and Chad.It now has the second Middle East and North Africa,59%.Figure 22 (page 35) widest gap of the 109 countries we have traced over the displays the relative positions of regions according to their past 10 years. economic gender gap between 2006 and 2015. Both the starting points and progress look different Across the 109 counties we have covered since 2009. across the four subindexes of the Index.Gender gaps are 87%have narrowed their economic gender gaps.Bahrain, widest in Economic Participation and Opportunity and Luxemburg and Guatemala have closed the economic Political Empowerment,while the average gap to parity is gender parity gap fastest.Bahrain now has 26%more a mere 2%in Health and Survival and 5%in Educational female professional and technical workers,and 14%more Attainment.However,progress has been most pronounced female legislators,senior officials and managers.Iran and on Political Empowerment,with the world closing this Saudi Arabia have also narrowed their gender gaps and by 9%in the last 10 years.On the other hand,progress are no longer in the cohort of countries with the three in the second widest gap-Economic Participation and widest economic gender gaps-where they were in 2006. Opportunity has been slower and more turbulent.When On the other hand,Tanzania,Jordan,Morocco and Mali it comes to women's economic participation,the world have significantly widened their economic gender gaps- today is back to where it was in 2010 after a peak at 60% Tanzania by as much as 10%and Mali by as much as 6%. in2013. In Jordan,the female labour force participation rate has Across the world's regions,the range of the economic decreased by 12%,while Mali has seen an even larger gender gap is especially wide compared with the political, decrease of 23%.The change in labour force participation economic and educational gender gaps.The regional has decreased alongside wage equality for similar work average varies by as much as 40%.North America,as and parity in the gender breakdown of legislators,senior well as Latin America and the Caribbean have improved officials and managers.In the case of Tanzania,the economic parity the most.Over the past 10 years,the marked decline has emerged from adjustments to the data The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 31
The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 | 31 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap years has seen both countries make strong progress by narrowing their gender gaps by 5.5% and 8%, respectively. In fact, Saudi Arabia has progressed past Pakistan, Chad, Iran, Jordan, Morocco and Mali. Sri Lanka, Jordan, Mali, the Slovak Republic and Croatia form the 6% of countries that have widened their gender gaps over the past 10 years. In Jordan and Sri Lanka the gap has widened by more than 1%. In other countries progress has stalled. For example, Iran’s gender gap stands at 58% today, just as it did in 2006; and Pakistan’s slow progress in gender parity has seen it fall behind Saudi Arabia and Chad. It now has the second widest gap of the 109 countries we have traced over the past 10 years. Both the starting points and progress look different across the four subindexes of the Index. Gender gaps are widest in Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment, while the average gap to parity is a mere 2% in Health and Survival and 5% in Educational Attainment. However, progress has been most pronounced on Political Empowerment, with the world closing this by 9% in the last 10 years. On the other hand, progress in the second widest gap—Economic Participation and Opportunity has been slower and more turbulent. When it comes to women’s economic participation, the world today is back to where it was in 2010 after a peak at 60% in 2013. Across the world’s regions, the range of the economic gender gap is especially wide compared with the political, economic and educational gender gaps. The regional average varies by as much as 40%. North America, as well as Latin America and the Caribbean have improved economic parity the most. Over the past 10 years, the economic gender gap has been decreased by 7%, standing at 82% today. Europe and Central Asia and SubSaharan Africa are not far behind, having shrunk the gap by roughly 6%, over the past 10 years, and by 62–63% overall. Women’s economic participation is least improved in the Middle East and North Africa—where the economic gap has been reduced by 1%. The Asia and the Pacific region has also made little progress in closing its gender gap on this subindex, with a similar 1% increase. To reach gender parity in economic participation in the future, Asia and the Pacific would need to close a 47% gap and the Middle East and North Africa, 59%. Figure 22 (page 35) displays the relative positions of regions according to their economic gender gap between 2006 and 2015. Across the 109 counties we have covered since 2009, 87% have narrowed their economic gender gaps. Bahrain, Luxemburg and Guatemala have closed the economic gender parity gap fastest. Bahrain now has 26% more female professional and technical workers, and 14% more female legislators, senior officials and managers. Iran and Saudi Arabia have also narrowed their gender gaps and are no longer in the cohort of countries with the three widest economic gender gaps—where they were in 2006. On the other hand, Tanzania, Jordan, Morocco and Mali have significantly widened their economic gender gaps— Tanzania by as much as 10% and Mali by as much as 6%. In Jordan, the female labour force participation rate has decreased by 12%, while Mali has seen an even larger decrease of 23%. The change in labour force participation has decreased alongside wage equality for similar work and parity in the gender breakdown of legislators, senior officials and managers. In the case of Tanzania, the marked decline has emerged from adjustments to the data Source (Figures 14–15): Global Gender Gap Index 2015. Figure 14: Distance from gender parity 2015, by region 0 100 Sub-Saharan Africa North America Middle East and North Africa Latin America and the Caribbean Europe and Central Asia Asia and the Pacific 33% 28% 63% 30% 26% 40% 69% 66% 71% 57% 33% 4% 4% 3% 4% 3% 4% 64% n n n n n n remaining gap n closed gap, 2015 n closed gap, 2006 Gender Gap Index (percent) Figure 15: Distance from gender parity 2015, by subindex 0 100 INDEX ECONOMY EDUCATION HEALTH POLITICS 32% 64% 41% 56% 5% 92% 2% 95% 77% 4% 3% 3% –1% 9% 14% n remaining gap n closed gap, 2015 n widening gap, 2015 n closed gap, 2006 Gender Gap Index (percent)
Part 1:Measuring the Global Gender Gap Figure 16:Global Gender Gap Index and subindexes evolution 2006-2015 1.0 Health Education 0.8 0.6 Economy 0.4 Politics 0.2 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Figure 17:Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex Figure 18:Educational Attainment subindex evolution evolution 2006-2015 2006-2015 0.62 1.00 0.60 0.98 (ereas 0'L-0'0)aoos xepugans 0.58 0.96 0.56 0.94 0.54 0.92 0.52 0.90 2006200720082009201020112012201320142015 2006200720082009201020112012201320142015 Figure 19:Health and Survival subindex evolution 2006-2015 Figure 20:Political Empowerment subindex evolution 2006-2015 1.00 0.24 0.98 0.22 (epos 0-00 acos xepupans 0.96 0.20 0.94 0.18 0.92 0.16 0.90 0.14 2006200720082009201020112012201320142015 2006200720082009201020112012201320142015 Source (Figures 16-20):Global Gender Gap Index 2015 Note (Figures 17-20):The Y axis has been truncated to enhance readablity. 32 The Global Gender Gap Report 2015
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap 32 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 Figure 16: Global Gender Gap Index and subindexes evolution 2006-2015 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Health Education Economy Politics Index Global Gender Gap Index score (0.0–1.0 scale) Source (Figures 16 –20): Global Gender Gap Index 2015. Note (Figures 17–20): The Y axis has been truncated to enhance readability. Figure 17: Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex evolution 2006–2015 Figure 18: Educational Attainment subindex evolution 2006–2015 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex score (0.0–1.0 scale) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 0.90 Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex score (0.0–1.0 scale) Figure 19: Health and Survival subindex evolution 2006–2015 Figure 20: Political Empowerment subindex evolution 2006–2015 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex score (0.0–1.0 scale) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex score (0.0–1.0 scale)