Part 1:Measuring the Global Gender Gap Figure 9:Global Gender Gap Index 2015,by income group High income Upper-middle income Lower-middle income Low income 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Global Gender Gap Index score (0.0-1.0 scale) Figure 10:Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex Figure 11:Educational Attainment subindex 2015,by income 2015,by income group group High income High income ●◆ Upper-middle Upper-middle income income Lower-middle Lower-middle income ●一合00春垂◆0●号 income Low income 位●● Low income 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.70.80.9 1.0 Eoonomic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment subindex score (0.0-1.0 scale) subindex score (0.0-1.0 scale) Figure 12:Health and Survival subindex 2015,by income Figure 13:Political Empowerment subindex 2015,by income group group High income High income Upper-middle Upper-middle income income Lower-middle Lower-middle income income Low income ●) Low income ●面●。弟●一● 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.40.6 0.81.0 Health and Survival Political Empowerment subindex score(0.0-1.0 scale) subindex score (0.0-1.0 scale) Source (Figures 9-13):Global Gender Gap Index 2015. Notes (Figures 9-13):Colored diamonds correspond to income group averages.Details an he fo .The X axis has been truncated on Figures 11 and 12 to enhance 【ead的y. 18 The Global Gender Gap Report 2015
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap 18 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Lower-middle income Low income Upper-middle income High income Figure 9: Global Gender Gap Index 2015, by income group Global Gender Gap Index score (0.0–1.0 scale) Figure 10: Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex 2015, by income group Figure 11: Educational Attainment subindex 2015, by income group 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 High income Upper-middle income Low income Lower-middle income Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex score (0.0–1.0 scale) Educational Attainment subindex score (0.0–1.0 scale) 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 High income Upper-middle income Low income Lower-middle income Source (Figures 9–13): Global Gender Gap Index 2015. Notes (Figures 9–13): Colored diamonds correspond to income group averages. Details on income groups can be found in Appendix A. The X axis has been truncated on Figures 11 and 12 to enhance readability. Figure 12: Health and Survival subindex 2015, by income group Figure 13: Political Empowerment subindex 2015, by income group Health and Survival subindex score (0.0–1.0 scale) Political Empowerment subindex score (0.0–1.0 scale) 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 High income Upper-middle income Low income Lower-middle income 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 High income Upper-middle income Low income Lower-middle income
Part 1:Measuring the Global Gender Gap on the Political Empowerment subindex-including four the Ability of women to rise to positions of leadership.The countries in the top five:Iceland,Finland,Norway and country presents as well the smallest difference between Sweden-are from Europe and Central Asia.On the Labour the average minutes spent per day on unpaid work by men force participation indicator,eight countries from the region and women. are part of the 20 best-performing countries.On the Sex Finland(3)fell one place and now sits in the third ratio at birth indicator,six out of the 10 lowest performing position on the overall Index.Finland however remains countries are from the region,with Armenia ranking in the the highest-ranked country from the European Union.It second last position.On the Women in ministerial positions ranks 8th on the Economic Participation and Opportunity indicator,13 out of the 20 best-performing countries are subindex,gaining 13 places compared to last year,mostly from the region,with Finland ranking in first place. due to improvements on the Wage equality for similar work Iceland (1)is for the seventh year in a row the top indicator.Finland is one of four countries from the region performer country on the overall Index.From 2006,the that has fully closed gender gaps on both the Educational country experienced a steady increase of its overall score, Attainment and Health and Survival subindexes.Similar except last year when the country showed a decrease to last year,Finland ranks second on the Political mostly due to a slight fall on the Health and Survival and Empowerment subindex.It is the third-ranked country from Political Empowerment subindexes.Iceland is among the the region on both the Labour force participation and Wage top three countries from the region that have improved equality for similar work indicators.Finland is also the top- the most compared to 2006 on their overall Index and performing country on the Women in ministerial positions Political Empowerment subindex scores.This year, indicator and has a government that is 63%women. Iceland's improvement on the Economic Participation Sweden (4)ranks fourth for the seventh consecutive and Opportunity subindex score translated into a gain of year.The country ranks 4th on the Economic Participation two ranks (from the 7th to the 5th position).As of 2009, and Opportunity subindex,an increase of 11 places the country has fully closed its educational gender gap compared with last year,due to improvements on the and ranks first on the Political Empowerment subindex. Perceived wage equality for similar work,the Estimated In Iceland,41%of parliamentarians are women,44%of eamed income and the Legislators,senior officials and ministers are women and,out of the last 50 years,20 managers indicators.The country has seen its subindex were spent with a female head of state.Iceland ranks score on Educational Attainment decrease slightly due to 105th on the Health and Survival subindex,gaining 23 a drop on the Enrolment in secondary education score. places compared to last year.Iceland's low score on that On the other hand,its Health and Survival subindex score subindex is due to its performance on the Healthy life improved from last year.The country continues to rank expectancy indicator.Iceland is also a strong performer 5th on the Political and Empowerment subindex.Despite on the contextual indicators provided in the report but its high score on that subindex,Sweden is one of three not included in the Index.Iceland is among the top three countries from the region with a smaller score increase countries on the ability of women to rise to positions of compared to 2006. enterprise leadership.It is also the country with the longest Ireland(5)gained three places compared to last paternity coverage,with 90 calendar days entitled to new year,mainly due to improvements on the Economic and fathers,one among many policies in the country (and in Political subindexes.Ireland is among the top 10 best- other Nordic countries)to help parents combine work and performing countries on the Political Empowerment family. subindex.It is also one of the best three climbers from Norway(2)is back in the second position after the region on the Health and Survival subindex compared having lost that place to Finland for three consecutive to 2006.Finally,Ireland is the highest-ranked country years.This gain comes mainly from improvements in from the region(ranking 3rd overall)on the Years with Economic,Health and Political subindexes.Norway is the female head of state indicator.Switzerland(8)re-enters highest-ranking country on the Economic Participation and the top 10,gaining three places compared to last year. Opportunity subindex and the third highest on the Political This is mostly due to improvements on the Economic Empowerment subindex.The country ranks 32nd on the Participation and Opportunity as well as the Education and Educational Attainment subindex and 70th on the Health Political subindexes.This year,Switzerland ranks 17th on and Survival subindex-due to very small differences in the Economic and Opportunity subindex and 18th on the performance of the countries near the top-but scores Political Empowerment subindex.Switzerland is among very high.The country is among the top twenty best the top 20 top-performing countries on both Women in performers on the following five indicators:Labour force ministerial positions and Years with female head of state participation,Wage equality for similar work,Women in indicators.Compared with 2006,Switzerland is among parliament,Women in ministerial position and Years with the top three climbers from the region on the Educational female head of state.Norway is also the top country overall Attainment subindex.Switzerland continues to be the on the share of women on boards of listed companies,with fourth-highest ranked country overall on the percentage of 37%,as well as the second best-performing country on The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 19
The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 | 19 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap on the Political Empowerment subindex—including four countries in the top five: Iceland, Finland, Norway and Sweden—are from Europe and Central Asia. On the Labour force participation indicator, eight countries from the region are part of the 20 best-performing countries. On the Sex ratio at birth indicator, six out of the 10 lowest performing countries are from the region, with Armenia ranking in the second last position. On the Women in ministerial positions indicator, 13 out of the 20 best-performing countries are from the region, with Finland ranking in first place. Iceland (1) is for the seventh year in a row the top performer country on the overall Index. From 2006, the country experienced a steady increase of its overall score, except last year when the country showed a decrease mostly due to a slight fall on the Health and Survival and Political Empowerment subindexes. Iceland is among the top three countries from the region that have improved the most compared to 2006 on their overall Index and Political Empowerment subindex scores. This year, Iceland’s improvement on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex score translated into a gain of two ranks (from the 7th to the 5th position). As of 2009, the country has fully closed its educational gender gap and ranks first on the Political Empowerment subindex. In Iceland, 41% of parliamentarians are women, 44% of ministers are women and, out of the last 50 years, 20 were spent with a female head of state. Iceland ranks 105th on the Health and Survival subindex, gaining 23 places compared to last year. Iceland’s low score on that subindex is due to its performance on the Healthy life expectancy indicator. Iceland is also a strong performer on the contextual indicators provided in the report but not included in the Index. Iceland is among the top three countries on the ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership. It is also the country with the longest paternity coverage, with 90 calendar days entitled to new fathers, one among many policies in the country (and in other Nordic countries) to help parents combine work and family. Norway (2) is back in the second position after having lost that place to Finland for three consecutive years. This gain comes mainly from improvements in Economic, Health and Political subindexes. Norway is the highest-ranking country on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex and the third highest on the Political Empowerment subindex. The country ranks 32nd on the Educational Attainment subindex and 70th on the Health and Survival subindex—due to very small differences in performance of the countries near the top—but scores very high. The country is among the top twenty best performers on the following five indicators: Labour force participation, Wage equality for similar work, Women in parliament, Women in ministerial position and Years with female head of state. Norway is also the top country overall on the share of women on boards of listed companies, with 37%, as well as the second best-performing country on the Ability of women to rise to positions of leadership. The country presents as well the smallest difference between the average minutes spent per day on unpaid work by men and women. Finland (3) fell one place and now sits in the third position on the overall Index. Finland however remains the highest-ranked country from the European Union. It ranks 8th on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex, gaining 13 places compared to last year, mostly due to improvements on the Wage equality for similar work indicator. Finland is one of four countries from the region that has fully closed gender gaps on both the Educational Attainment and Health and Survival subindexes. Similar to last year, Finland ranks second on the Political Empowerment subindex. It is the third-ranked country from the region on both the Labour force participation and Wage equality for similar work indicators. Finland is also the topperforming country on the Women in ministerial positions indicator and has a government that is 63% women. Sweden (4) ranks fourth for the seventh consecutive year. The country ranks 4th on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex, an increase of 11 places compared with last year, due to improvements on the Perceived wage equality for similar work, the Estimated earned income and the Legislators, senior officials and managers indicators. The country has seen its subindex score on Educational Attainment decrease slightly due to a drop on the Enrolment in secondary education score. On the other hand, its Health and Survival subindex score improved from last year. The country continues to rank 5th on the Political and Empowerment subindex. Despite its high score on that subindex, Sweden is one of three countries from the region with a smaller score increase compared to 2006. Ireland (5) gained three places compared to last year, mainly due to improvements on the Economic and Political subindexes. Ireland is among the top 10 bestperforming countries on the Political Empowerment subindex. It is also one of the best three climbers from the region on the Health and Survival subindex compared to 2006. Finally, Ireland is the highest-ranked country from the region (ranking 3rd overall) on the Years with female head of state indicator. Switzerland (8) re-enters the top 10, gaining three places compared to last year. This is mostly due to improvements on the Economic Participation and Opportunity as well as the Education and Political subindexes. This year, Switzerland ranks 17th on the Economic and Opportunity subindex and 18th on the Political Empowerment subindex. Switzerland is among the top 20 top-performing countries on both Women in ministerial positions and Years with female head of state indicators. Compared with 2006, Switzerland is among the top three climbers from the region on the Educational Attainment subindex. Switzerland continues to be the fourth-highest ranked country overall on the percentage of
Part 1:Measuring the Global Gender Gap female part-time employment compared to the total female France has also achieved the third highest increase from employment. the region on the Political Empowerment subindex.In this Next is Slovenia(9),which enters for the first time year's ranking,France is among the four countries from the the top 10 countries on the overall Index.Out of the 109 region that have closed both their Educational and Health countries that have been part of the Index since 2006, gender gaps.France is also among the four countries that Slovenia has shown the fourth largest increase and the rank first on the Women in Ministerial positions,with 50% largest increase from the Europe and Central Asia region. of Women in ministerial position.France is the lowest- Since 2006,all its subindexes scores have improved.The ranked country from the region on the Wage equality for biggest improvements have come from the Economic similar work indicator,sitting at 132nd position out of 134 Participation and Opportunity subindex and,in particular, countries.Regarding the share of women on boards of the Political Empowerment subindex.This year,Slovenia isted companies,France is ranked second,after Norway. ranks 21st on the Women in parliament indicator and The United Kingdom(18)re-enters the top 20 10th on the Women in ministerial positions indicator.with countries on the overall Index,gaining eight places over women representing 44%of ministers(whereas it was 18% last year.This increase is due to improvements on the last year).After Iceland,Slovenia has the second highest Economic,Health and Political subindexes.The country's length of paid paternity leave ten-year evolution is characterized by three decreases:in Germany (11)follows next.The country has seen its 2008,2012 and 2014.Next are Belgium(19)and Latvia overall score slightly increase compared to last year,due (20).Belgium lost nine places and Latvia five places to better performance on the Health and Survival and compared to 2014.In the case of Belgium,this is mostly the Political Empowerment subindexes.The increase has due to a decrease on the Health and Survival and Political been offset by a decrease on the Economic Participation Empowerment subindexes.The percentage of women in and Opportunity and Educational Attainment subindexes. ministerial position has dropped from 42%to 23%in a The country's ten-year evolution is characterized by two year.For Latvia,the reason is a decrease on the Economic ups and downs;however,compared to 2006,Germany's Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment overall score has improved.This year,the country ranks subindexes.Latvia remains one of the four countries from 38th on the Economic Participation and Opportunity the region that has closed both its Educational Attainment subindex,and 11th (similar to last year)on the Political and Health and Survival gender gaps.In addition,Latvia is Empowerment subindex.Out of the 40 countries that among the three countries with the highest percentage of have provided data on the percentage share of women female research and development personnel. on boards of listed companies,Germany has one of the Estonia(21)made the largest score improvement from lowest percentages(2.8%).Germany shares with 10 other the region compared to 2014,mostly due to significant countries the second lowest total fertility rate (1.4 children improvement on the Political Empowerment subindex. per woman). The percentage of women in parliament increased from The Netherlands(13)ranks thirteenth on the overall 19%to 24%and the percentage of women in ministerial Index this year,gaining one position.It remains the positions increased from 17%to 46%.This year's score country with the highest percentage of female part-time is the highest Estonia has achieved in the past 10 years employment compared to total female employment(77%). Spain ranks 25th,followed by Moldova(26).Over the past Despite the high level of male part-time employment, 10 years,Spain experienced an increase on its Economic Netherlands is the country with the largest difference Participation and Opportunity subindex score,whereas between female and male part-time employment.Next is the Political Empowerment subindex score has gradually Denmark(14)at the fourteenth position,its lowest place decreased,despite a peak in 2010 and 2011.Spain since the creation of the Index.Compared to 2006,its experienced the second largest decrease on this subindex overall score has steadily improved,but there have been over the past 10 years.Its overall Index score has mirrored significant decreases from last year on the Economic, that peak during the same years. Health and Political subindexes.Denmark remains the Lithuania(31),Luxembourg (32)and Belarus (34) country with the highest average minutes spent per day follow next.This year,Lithuania ranks 14th globally on the by men on unpaid work.Denmark is followed by France Labour force participation indicator,between Sweden and (15),which gained one place compared to last year due Denmark.Luxembourg is the country from the region with to improvement on the Political Empowerment subindex. the largest improvement on the Economic Participation This improvement has been slightly offset by a decrease and Opportunity subindex compared to 2006.Belarus on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex. is the highest-ranked country from the region on the Compared to 2006,France's evolution is characterized Legislators,senior officials and managers and Professional by two peaks,one in 2008 and one this year.France and technical workers indicators,with 44%of leadership is the second country from the region with the highest positions held by women and 73%of Professional and increase compared to 2006 on the overall Index but also technical workers occupied by women.Belarus is also the on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex. top country from the region in the upper-middle income 20 The Global Gender Gap Report 2015
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap 20 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 female part-time employment compared to the total female employment. Next is Slovenia (9), which enters for the first time the top 10 countries on the overall Index. Out of the 109 countries that have been part of the Index since 2006, Slovenia has shown the fourth largest increase and the largest increase from the Europe and Central Asia region. Since 2006, all its subindexes scores have improved. The biggest improvements have come from the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex and, in particular, the Political Empowerment subindex. This year, Slovenia ranks 21st on the Women in parliament indicator and 10th on the Women in ministerial positions indicator, with women representing 44% of ministers (whereas it was 18% last year). After Iceland, Slovenia has the second highest length of paid paternity leave. Germany (11) follows next. The country has seen its overall score slightly increase compared to last year, due to better performance on the Health and Survival and the Political Empowerment subindexes. The increase has been offset by a decrease on the Economic Participation and Opportunity and Educational Attainment subindexes. The country’s ten-year evolution is characterized by two ups and downs; however, compared to 2006, Germany’s overall score has improved. This year, the country ranks 38th on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex, and 11th (similar to last year) on the Political Empowerment subindex. Out of the 40 countries that have provided data on the percentage share of women on boards of listed companies, Germany has one of the lowest percentages (2.8%). Germany shares with 10 other countries the second lowest total fertility rate (1.4 children per woman). The Netherlands (13) ranks thirteenth on the overall Index this year, gaining one position. It remains the country with the highest percentage of female part-time employment compared to total female employment (77%). Despite the high level of male part-time employment, Netherlands is the country with the largest difference between female and male part-time employment. Next is Denmark (14) at the fourteenth position, its lowest place since the creation of the Index. Compared to 2006, its overall score has steadily improved, but there have been significant decreases from last year on the Economic, Health and Political subindexes. Denmark remains the country with the highest average minutes spent per day by men on unpaid work. Denmark is followed by France (15), which gained one place compared to last year due to improvement on the Political Empowerment subindex. This improvement has been slightly offset by a decrease on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex. Compared to 2006, France’s evolution is characterized by two peaks, one in 2008 and one this year. France is the second country from the region with the highest increase compared to 2006 on the overall Index but also on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex. France has also achieved the third highest increase from the region on the Political Empowerment subindex. In this year’s ranking, France is among the four countries from the region that have closed both their Educational and Health gender gaps. France is also among the four countries that rank first on the Women in Ministerial positions, with 50% of Women in ministerial position. France is the lowestranked country from the region on the Wage equality for similar work indicator, sitting at 132nd position out of 134 countries. Regarding the share of women on boards of listed companies, France is ranked second, after Norway. The United Kingdom (18) re-enters the top 20 countries on the overall Index, gaining eight places over last year. This increase is due to improvements on the Economic, Health and Political subindexes. The country’s ten-year evolution is characterized by three decreases: in 2008, 2012 and 2014. Next are Belgium (19) and Latvia (20). Belgium lost nine places and Latvia five places compared to 2014. In the case of Belgium, this is mostly due to a decrease on the Health and Survival and Political Empowerment subindexes. The percentage of women in ministerial position has dropped from 42% to 23% in a year. For Latvia, the reason is a decrease on the Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes. Latvia remains one of the four countries from the region that has closed both its Educational Attainment and Health and Survival gender gaps. In addition, Latvia is among the three countries with the highest percentage of female research and development personnel. Estonia (21) made the largest score improvement from the region compared to 2014, mostly due to significant improvement on the Political Empowerment subindex. The percentage of women in parliament increased from 19% to 24% and the percentage of women in ministerial positions increased from 17% to 46%. This year’s score is the highest Estonia has achieved in the past 10 years. Spain ranks 25th, followed by Moldova (26). Over the past 10 years, Spain experienced an increase on its Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex score, whereas the Political Empowerment subindex score has gradually decreased, despite a peak in 2010 and 2011. Spain experienced the second largest decrease on this subindex over the past 10 years. Its overall Index score has mirrored that peak during the same years. Lithuania (31), Luxembourg (32) and Belarus (34) follow next. This year, Lithuania ranks 14th globally on the Labour force participation indicator, between Sweden and Denmark. Luxembourg is the country from the region with the largest improvement on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex compared to 2006. Belarus is the highest-ranked country from the region on the Legislators, senior officials and managers and Professional and technical workers indicators, with 44% of leadership positions held by women and 73% of Professional and technical workers occupied by women. Belarus is also the top country from the region in the upper-middle income
Part 1:Measuring the Global Gender Gap group.Out of the 95 countries that have provided data Compared to 2006,the Kyrgyz Republic is among the for the Firms with female top manager indicator,Belarus three countries from the region with the lowest increase on has the third largest percentage overall after Mongolia and the Economic,Education and Health subindexes.Following Bahamas. next are Romania(77)and Montenegro(79).The Czech Austria(37)has seen a small decrease from 2014 Republic(81)gained 15 places this year compared to of its overall score.Austria is the third country from the last year,mostly due to improvements on the Economic region with the largest improvement on the Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment Participation and Opportunity subindex over the past 10 subindexes.The percentage of women in ministerial years. positions improved from 7%to 19%.Georgia(82)follows, Austria is followed by Portugal(39)and Italy(41). with Greece(87)and Tajikistan(95)next.Georgia is the Italy has shown a steady increase on its overall score country from the region that has made the most progress with the exceptions of 2010 and 2012.The increase of on the Health and Survival subindex since 2006.Greece's the overall score has been driven over the past three highest overall score over the past 10 years was in 2011. years by improvements on the Political Empowerment Similar to last year,Greece ranks 87th on the Economic subindex.Italy gained 28 positions over 2014,mostly on its Participation and Opportunity subindex.On the Political Political Empowerment subindex due to an increase in the Empowerment subindex,however,the country gained 17 percentage of women in parliament and women holding places over last year,ranking this year at the 91st position. ministerial positions.This year,Italy is again among the Tajikistan is the lowest-performing country from the region three lowest-performing countries from the region on the on the Enrolment in tertiary education and Healthy life Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex(together expectancy indicators. with Malta and Turkey).This year,the country ranks 91st Next are Azerbaijan(96),Slovak Republic(97). overall on the Labour force participation indicator and Hungary(99)and Cyprus(100).Azerbaijan is the second- 109th on wage equality for similar work.Bulgaria(43) lowest ranked country from the region on the Political is next at the 43rd position.Bulgaria had experienced Empowerment subindex,in 129th place.On the Health and last year a peak in its overall score,which was due to Survival subindex,it is the third-lowest performing country improvements on both the Economic Participation and from the region,ahead of Albania and Armenia.Out of the Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes.This 95 countries that have provided data for the Firms with year,these two subindexes have seen their score decrease female top managers indicator,Azerbaijan presents the again,influencing the overall score in the same direction. third-smallest percentage overall,just ahead of Jordan Following next are Serbia(45),Kazakhstan(47),Poland and Yemen.It is also,overall,the country with the lowest (51)and Croatia(59).Croatia is the country from the region percentage of firms with female participation in ownership. with the largest decrease on the overall Index compared to Slovak Republic lost seven places this year,due to 2006. decreases on the Economic Participation and Opportunity Ukraine's(67)overall score has fallen from 2014 and Political Empowerment subindexes.The Slovak due to decreases on the Economic Participation and Republic is among the five countries in the world that Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes. don't have any women in ministerial positions.Hungary Macedonia,FYR follows,ranking 69th.It continues to lost six places this year due to a drop on the Political have the highest percentage of female R&D personnel Empowerment subindex,where it is again this year the (FTE)compared to men.Albania stands in the 70th region's lowest performing country,ranking 139th.Hungary position.Albania has improved its overall ranking by 13 is the region's lowest-ranked performer on the Women in positions since 2014:however,it is also the country from parliament indicator,with only 10%of its parliament made the region that has progressed the least over the past up of women.It is also among the five countries in the 10 years on the Educational Attainment and Health and world that don't have any women in ministerial positions Survival subindexes.Russian Federation(75)improved The final positions in the region are occupied by Malta its overall score compared to 2006,having peaked in (104),Armenia(105)and Turkey (130).Malta's overall 2010 and 2011.Compared to last year,the country's highest score over the past 10 years was in 2013.This year overall score slightly improved with no impact on its overall Malta lost five places,due to a decrease on the Political rank.This year,the Russian Federation ranks 42st on the Empowerment subindex.Armenia continues to be the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex(similar lowest-performing country from the region on the Health to last year)and 128th on the Political Empowerment and Survival subindex.Armenia has the second lowest subindex.Similar to last year,the country remains among female-to-male sex ratio at birth score in the world,just the three lowest-ranking countries of the region on this above China's.However Armenia has a high percentage subindex.The country ranks first on the Healthy life (64%)of female professional and technical workers.Turkey expectancy indicator,with a female-to-male ratio of 1.20 has experienced a steady improvement of its overall score Next is the Kyrgyz Republic(76).Its best since 2010.Compared to 2006,the country is among the performance over the last 10 years was in 2009. top three climbers from the region on the Education and The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 21
The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 | 21 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap group. Out of the 95 countries that have provided data for the Firms with female top manager indicator, Belarus has the third largest percentage overall after Mongolia and Bahamas. Austria (37) has seen a small decrease from 2014 of its overall score. Austria is the third country from the region with the largest improvement on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex over the past 10 years. Austria is followed by Portugal (39) and Italy (41). Italy has shown a steady increase on its overall score with the exceptions of 2010 and 2012. The increase of the overall score has been driven over the past three years by improvements on the Political Empowerment subindex. Italy gained 28 positions over 2014, mostly on its Political Empowerment subindex due to an increase in the percentage of women in parliament and women holding ministerial positions. This year, Italy is again among the three lowest-performing countries from the region on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex (together with Malta and Turkey). This year, the country ranks 91st overall on the Labour force participation indicator and 109th on wage equality for similar work. Bulgaria (43) is next at the 43rd position. Bulgaria had experienced last year a peak in its overall score, which was due to improvements on both the Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes. This year, these two subindexes have seen their score decrease again, influencing the overall score in the same direction. Following next are Serbia (45), Kazakhstan (47), Poland (51) and Croatia (59). Croatia is the country from the region with the largest decrease on the overall Index compared to 2006. Ukraine’s (67) overall score has fallen from 2014 due to decreases on the Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes. Macedonia, FYR follows, ranking 69th. It continues to have the highest percentage of female R&D personnel (FTE) compared to men. Albania stands in the 70th position. Albania has improved its overall ranking by 13 positions since 2014; however, it is also the country from the region that has progressed the least over the past 10 years on the Educational Attainment and Health and Survival subindexes. Russian Federation (75) improved its overall score compared to 2006, having peaked in 2010 and 2011. Compared to last year, the country’s overall score slightly improved with no impact on its overall rank. This year, the Russian Federation ranks 42st on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex (similar to last year) and 128th on the Political Empowerment subindex. Similar to last year, the country remains among the three lowest-ranking countries of the region on this subindex. The country ranks first on the Healthy life expectancy indicator, with a female-to-male ratio of 1.20. Next is the Kyrgyz Republic (76). Its best performance over the last 10 years was in 2009. Compared to 2006, the Kyrgyz Republic is among the three countries from the region with the lowest increase on the Economic, Education and Health subindexes. Following next are Romania (77) and Montenegro (79). The Czech Republic (81) gained 15 places this year compared to last year, mostly due to improvements on the Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes. The percentage of women in ministerial positions improved from 7% to 19%. Georgia (82) follows, with Greece (87) and Tajikistan (95) next. Georgia is the country from the region that has made the most progress on the Health and Survival subindex since 2006. Greece’s highest overall score over the past 10 years was in 2011. Similar to last year, Greece ranks 87th on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex. On the Political Empowerment subindex, however, the country gained 17 places over last year, ranking this year at the 91st position. Tajikistan is the lowest-performing country from the region on the Enrolment in tertiary education and Healthy life expectancy indicators. Next are Azerbaijan (96), Slovak Republic (97), Hungary (99) and Cyprus (100). Azerbaijan is the secondlowest ranked country from the region on the Political Empowerment subindex, in 129th place. On the Health and Survival subindex, it is the third-lowest performing country from the region, ahead of Albania and Armenia. Out of the 95 countries that have provided data for the Firms with female top managers indicator, Azerbaijan presents the third-smallest percentage overall, just ahead of Jordan and Yemen. It is also, overall, the country with the lowest percentage of firms with female participation in ownership. Slovak Republic lost seven places this year, due to decreases on the Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes. The Slovak Republic is among the five countries in the world that don’t have any women in ministerial positions. Hungary lost six places this year due to a drop on the Political Empowerment subindex, where it is again this year the region’s lowest performing country, ranking 139th. Hungary is the region’s lowest-ranked performer on the Women in parliament indicator, with only 10% of its parliament made up of women. It is also among the five countries in the world that don’t have any women in ministerial positions. The final positions in the region are occupied by Malta (104), Armenia (105) and Turkey (130). Malta’s overall highest score over the past 10 years was in 2013. This year Malta lost five places, due to a decrease on the Political Empowerment subindex. Armenia continues to be the lowest-performing country from the region on the Health and Survival subindex. Armenia has the second lowest female-to-male sex ratio at birth score in the world, just above China’s. However Armenia has a high percentage (64%) of female professional and technical workers. Turkey has experienced a steady improvement of its overall score since 2010. Compared to 2006, the country is among the top three climbers from the region on the Education and
Part 1:Measuring the Global Gender Gap Health subindexes.Over the past 10 years,the evolution of in the number of female legislators,senior officials and its Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex score managers as well as professional and technical workers forms a U shape,with its lowest point in 2010.Turkey is It is now the best-performing country of the region and again the lowest-performing country from the region on the second in the world on this subindex.It has also fully Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex.Out of closed its Health and Survival gender gap.Within the the 29 countries that have provided data on the average region,it scores above average on all subindexes except minutes spent per day in unpaid work,Turkey has the Political Empowerment.Cuba(29)moves up one spot third-largest difference between women and men,following from last year.This is partly due to an increase in the Mexico and India. number of women in ministerial positions(from 23% to 31%).It has nearly closed the gender gap on the Latin America and the Caribbean Educational Attainment subindex and ranks third in the The Latin America and Caribbean region has closed 70% region on Political Empowerment with 40%of the gender of the overall gender gap.It is the third-best performing gap now closed.Ecuador(33)has regressed since last region on the overall Index after North America and year,dropping 12 places in rank.This is partly due to a Europe and Central Asia.It is also the best performer slight decrease in the female-to-male ratio of estimated on Health and Survival and second best on Educational earned income.In Health and Survival it has fully closed Attainment.Compared to 2014,the region has slightly the gender gap.When compared to 2006,it is the second- progressed on Political Empowerment and regressed most improved country in the region and the fourth-most on Economic Participation and Opportunity,with more improved of the world on the Economic Participation and than 20%and 62%,respectively,of the gender gaps Opportunity subindex. now closed.The Educational Attainment and Health and Argentina(35)has slightly progressed since last Survival gender gaps remain roughly the same at 99%and year despite dropping four places in rank.This is due to 98%,respectively.When compared to 2006,the region a slight increase on the Political Empowerment subindex, has shown the most improvement on the overall Index resulting from more women in ministerial positions and and second-most improvement on both the Economic an additional year with a female head of state.It has fully Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment closed its gender gap on the Health and Survival subindex subindexes.The region is also home to the best climber Since 2006 it has improved across all subindexes except of the world on the overall Index,Nicaragua,and the Educational Attainment,where there has been no change best climber of the world on the Political Empowerment in score.Costa Rica(38)has improved over last year subindex,Bolivia. and moves up 10 places with 73%of the gender gap Nicaragua(12)remains the best performer of the now closed.This is due to a near doubling of women in region for the fourth year in a row despite dropping six ministerial positions(from 25%to 41%).It has also fully places from 2014 to 2015.It has closed the gender gap closed its gender gap on the Educational Attainment fully on both Educational Attainment and Health and subindex,but ranks among the bottom three in the region Survival.Furthermore,on Political Empowerment it is the on Health and Survival.Since 2006,it has improved in all highest-ranking country of the region and fourth in the subindexes except Health and Survival where it has slightly world,with more than 50%of the gender gap now closed. regressed.Bahamas(40)drops five places since last year Since 2006,it is the world's most improved country on but slightly increased its score.It has closed the gender the overall Index and third-most improved of the world on gap fully on the Educational Attainment and Health and Political Empowerment.Bolivia(22)moves up 36 places Survival subindexes,and is the second-best performing from last year,making it the second-best performer of the country in the region on Economic Participation and region,with nearly 75%of the gender gap now closed.This Opportunity,with more than 82%of the gender gap now is mostly due to an increase on the Political Empowerment closed. score,resulting from a doubling of women in parliament Colombia(42)has made progress over last year, (from 25%to 53%).The country is now the second-highest moving up 11 places in rank.This is due to improvements ranked country in the region on the Political Empowerment in wage equality for similar work and estimated earned subindex,with 42%of the gender gap now closed.On income.It is now the third-best performing country in the Health and Survival subindex it has fully closed its the region on the Economic Participation an Opportunity gender gap,but on Educational Attainment it is the region's subindex,with more than 74%of the gender gap now second-worst performer.Since 2006,the country is the closed.Since 2006,it has made almost no improvement world's most improved country on Political Empowerment on Health and Survival and Political Empowerment and and second-most improved on the overall Index. has actually regressed on Educational Attainment.Both Barbados(24)moves up nine places from last year, Panama(44)and Trinidad and Tobago(46)made slight overtaking Cuba,Ecuador and Argentina on the regional progress over last year,with more women in parliament. rankings.This is mostly due to an increase of its Economic Both countries have also fully closed their gender gap on Participation and Opportunity score,resulting from a rise Health and Survival in 2015.In fact,since 2006,they have 22 The Global Gender Gap Report 2015
Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap 22 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 Health subindexes. Over the past 10 years, the evolution of its Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex score forms a U shape, with its lowest point in 2010. Turkey is again the lowest-performing country from the region on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex. Out of the 29 countries that have provided data on the average minutes spent per day in unpaid work, Turkey has the third-largest difference between women and men, following Mexico and India. Latin America and the Caribbean The Latin America and Caribbean region has closed 70% of the overall gender gap. It is the third-best performing region on the overall Index after North America and Europe and Central Asia. It is also the best performer on Health and Survival and second best on Educational Attainment. Compared to 2014, the region has slightly progressed on Political Empowerment and regressed on Economic Participation and Opportunity, with more than 20% and 62%, respectively, of the gender gaps now closed. The Educational Attainment and Health and Survival gender gaps remain roughly the same at 99% and 98%, respectively. When compared to 2006, the region has shown the most improvement on the overall Index and second-most improvement on both the Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes. The region is also home to the best climber of the world on the overall Index, Nicaragua, and the best climber of the world on the Political Empowerment subindex, Bolivia. Nicaragua (12) remains the best performer of the region for the fourth year in a row despite dropping six places from 2014 to 2015. It has closed the gender gap fully on both Educational Attainment and Health and Survival. Furthermore, on Political Empowerment it is the highest-ranking country of the region and fourth in the world, with more than 50% of the gender gap now closed. Since 2006, it is the world’s most improved country on the overall Index and third-most improved of the world on Political Empowerment. Bolivia (22) moves up 36 places from last year, making it the second-best performer of the region, with nearly 75% of the gender gap now closed. This is mostly due to an increase on the Political Empowerment score, resulting from a doubling of women in parliament (from 25% to 53%). The country is now the second-highest ranked country in the region on the Political Empowerment subindex, with 42% of the gender gap now closed. On the Health and Survival subindex it has fully closed its gender gap, but on Educational Attainment it is the region’s second-worst performer. Since 2006, the country is the world’s most improved country on Political Empowerment and second-most improved on the overall Index. Barbados (24) moves up nine places from last year, overtaking Cuba, Ecuador and Argentina on the regional rankings. This is mostly due to an increase of its Economic Participation and Opportunity score, resulting from a rise in the number of female legislators, senior officials and managers as well as professional and technical workers. It is now the best-performing country of the region and second in the world on this subindex. It has also fully closed its Health and Survival gender gap. Within the region, it scores above average on all subindexes except Political Empowerment. Cuba (29) moves up one spot from last year. This is partly due to an increase in the number of women in ministerial positions (from 23% to 31%). It has nearly closed the gender gap on the Educational Attainment subindex and ranks third in the region on Political Empowerment with 40% of the gender gap now closed. Ecuador (33) has regressed since last year, dropping 12 places in rank. This is partly due to a slight decrease in the female-to-male ratio of estimated earned income. In Health and Survival it has fully closed the gender gap. When compared to 2006, it is the secondmost improved country in the region and the fourth-most improved of the world on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex. Argentina (35) has slightly progressed since last year despite dropping four places in rank. This is due to a slight increase on the Political Empowerment subindex, resulting from more women in ministerial positions and an additional year with a female head of state. It has fully closed its gender gap on the Health and Survival subindex. Since 2006 it has improved across all subindexes except Educational Attainment, where there has been no change in score. Costa Rica (38) has improved over last year and moves up 10 places with 73% of the gender gap now closed. This is due to a near doubling of women in ministerial positions (from 25% to 41%). It has also fully closed its gender gap on the Educational Attainment subindex, but ranks among the bottom three in the region on Health and Survival. Since 2006, it has improved in all subindexes except Health and Survival where it has slightly regressed. Bahamas (40) drops five places since last year but slightly increased its score. It has closed the gender gap fully on the Educational Attainment and Health and Survival subindexes, and is the second-best performing country in the region on Economic Participation and Opportunity, with more than 82% of the gender gap now closed. Colombia (42) has made progress over last year, moving up 11 places in rank. This is due to improvements in wage equality for similar work and estimated earned income. It is now the third-best performing country in the region on the Economic Participation an Opportunity subindex, with more than 74% of the gender gap now closed. Since 2006, it has made almost no improvement on Health and Survival and Political Empowerment and has actually regressed on Educational Attainment. Both Panama (44) and Trinidad and Tobago (46) made slight progress over last year, with more women in parliament. Both countries have also fully closed their gender gap on Health and Survival in 2015. In fact, since 2006, they have