with most of the signs of withdrawal ending by72 hours after the last dose of the drugHowever, signs of withdrawal, includingrestlessness, anxiety, and drug craving, may bedetectable for 6 months to 1 year aftercessation of drug use
with most of the signs of withdrawal ending by 72 hours after the last dose of the drug. However, signs of withdrawal, including restlessness, anxiety, and drug craving, may be detectable for 6 months to 1 year after cessation of drug use
B:Organ system effects of morphine and its surrogates1.Central nervous system effectsa:AnalgesiaMorphine inhibits the release of nociceptivepeptidesOpioids relieve pain both by raising thepain threshold and by altering the brain'sperception of pain
B:Organ system effects of morphine and its surrogates 1.Central nervous system effects a:Analgesia Morphine inhibits the release of nociceptive peptidesOpioids relieve pain both by raising the pain threshold and by altering the brain’s perception of pain
b:EuphoriaMorphine produces a powerful sense ofcontentment and well-beingstimulate theventral tegmentumc:SedationMorphine disrupts normalREM and NREMsleep patterns
b:Euphoria Morphine produces a powerful sense of contentment and well-beingstimulate the ventral tegmentum c:Sedation Morphine disrupts normal REM and NREM sleep patterns
d:Respiratory depression minuteDreduce the sensitivity of respiratory centerneurons to carbon dioxide②inhibit brain stem respiratory mechanismsThis occurs with ordinary doses of morphineand is accentuated as the dose increases
d:Respiratory depression minute ①reduce the sensitivity of respiratory center neurons to carbon dioxide ②inhibit brain stem respiratory mechanisms This occurs with ordinary doses of morphine and is accentuated as the dose increases