EXPERIMENTALIPSYCHOLOGYNINTHEDITIONBARRYH.KANTOWITZHENRYL.ROEDIGERIHDAVIDG.ELMES
ExperimentalPsychologyNINTH EDITIONBarry.H.KantowitzUniversityofMichiganHenryL.RoedigerIllWashingtonUniversity in St.LouisDavid G.ElmesWashington and LeeUniversityWADSWORTH-CENGAGELearningAustralia·Brazil·Japan-Korea-Mexico.Singapore·Spain·United Kingdom·United States
Experimental Psychology NINTH EDITION Barry. H. Kantowitz University of Michigan Henry L. Roediger III Washington University in St. Louis David G. Elmes Washington and Lee University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States 59533_01_fm_pi-xxiv.indd i 9533_01_fm_pi-xxiv.indd i 3/6/08 7:06:43 PM /6/08 7:06:43 PM
WADSWORTHCENGAGE LearningExperimental Psychology, Ninth Edition2009,2005 Wadsworth, Cengage LearningBarryH.Kantowitz,Henry L.Roediger lll,ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyrightDavid G.Elmesherein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or byany means graphic,electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited toPublisher: Michele Sordiphotocopying,recording,scanning,digitizing,taping,Web distributionAssistant Editor: Rebecca Rosenberginformation networks,or information storage and retrieval systems, exceptTechnology Project Manager: Lauren Keyesas permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States CopyrightAct, without the prior written permission of the publisherMarketing Manager: Michelle WilliamsMarketing Assistant: Melanie CreggerFor product information and technology assistance, contactus atMarketing Communications Manager:CengageLearningCustomer&Sales Support,1-800-354-9706Linda YipFor permission to use materialfrom this text or product,ProjectManager,Editorial Production:submit allrequests online at cengage.com/permissionsPat WaldoFurther permissions questions can be e-mailed topermissionrequest@cengage.comCreative Director: Rob HugelArt Director: Vernon BoesLibrary of Congress Control Number: 2008920142Text Designer: Cheryl CarringtonISBN-13: 978-0-495-59533-5Print Buyer: Paula VangISBN-10: 0-495-59533-0Text/Art Permissions Editor:Margaret Chamberlain-GastonImage Permissions Editor: Deanna EttingerWadsworth10DavisDriveProduction Service: Carol OConnell, GraphicBelmont, CA 94002-3098World Publishing ServicesUSAPhoto Researcher: Susan Van EttenIllustrator: Lori HecklemanCengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutionsCover Designer: Bill Stantonwith office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the UnitedCover Image: Ryuichi Okano/Getty ImagesKingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil,and Japan, Locate your local office at(main image) and Akira Inoue/Gettyinternational.cengage.com/region.Images (inset image)Compositor: Graphic World Inc.Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by NelsonEducation, Ltd.For your course and learning solutions, visit academic.cengage.com.Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferredonlinestorewww.ichapters.com.Printed in the United States of America09081234567121110
Experimental Psychology, Ninth Edition Barry H. Kantowitz, Henry L. Roediger III, David G. Elmes Publisher: Michele Sordi Assistant Editor: Rebecca Rosenberg Technology Project Manager: Lauren Keyes Marketing Manager: Michelle Williams Marketing Assistant: Melanie Cregger Marketing Communications Manager: Linda Yip Project Manager, Editorial Production: Pat Waldo Creative Director: Rob Hugel Art Director: Vernon Boes Text Designer: Cheryl Carrington Print Buyer: Paula Vang Text/Art Permissions Editor: Margaret Chamberlain-Gaston Image Permissions Editor: Deanna Ettinger Production Service: Carol O’Connell, Graphic World Publishing Services Photo Researcher: Susan Van Etten Illustrator: Lori Heckleman Cover Designer: Bill Stanton Cover Image: © Ryuichi Okano/Getty Images (main image) and © Akira Inoue/Getty Images (inset image) Compositor: Graphic World Inc. Library of Congress Control Number: 2008920142 ISBN- 13: 978-0-495-59533-5 ISBN- 10: 0-495-59533-0 Wadsworth 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with offi ce locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local offi ce at international.cengage.com/region. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit academic.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08 For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com © 2009, 2005 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 59533_01_fm_pi-xxiv.indd ii 9533_01_fm_pi-xxiv.indd ii 3/6/08 7:06:46 PM /6/08 7:06:46 PM
Tothree outstanding psychologistswho shared thefunand excitement:ofexperimental psychologywithusDavidA.Grant, William M.Hinton,and L.Starling Reid
To three outstanding psychologists who shared the fun and excitement of experimental psychology with us, David A. Grant, William M. Hinton, and L. Starling Reid 59533_01_fm_pi-xxiv.indd iii 9533_01_fm_pi-xxiv.indd iii 3/6/08 7:06:46 PM /6/08 7:06:46 PM
ABOUT THEAUTHORSBARRY H:KANTOWTIZis ProfessOr OfPsychology,Professor of Industrial andOperationalEngineering,andformerDirec-tor oftheTransportation ResearchInstituteat the University of Michigan. Prior to that,he was Chief Scientist of the Human Factors Transportation Center of the BattelleMemorial Institute inSeattle.Hereceivedthe Ph.D. degree in experimental psychol-ogy from the Universityof Wisconsin in 1969.From 1969to1987he held positions as Assistant, Associate,and Professor of Psychological Sciencesat Purdue University,West Lafayette,IndianaDr.KantowitzwaselectedaFellowoftheAmericanPsvchologicalAssociationin1974.HehasbeenaNational InstituteofMentalHealthPostdoctoralFellowattheUniversityofOregon,aSeniorLecturerinErgonomics at the Norwegian Institute of Technology,Trondheim,Norway, and a Visiting Professor of Technical Psychology at the Uni-versity of Lulea, Sweden. He has written and edited more than onedozen books.His research on human attention,mental workload,reactiontime,human-machineinteraction,andhumanfactorshasbeen supported bytheOfficeof Education,theNational Institute ofMental Health,the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministrationthe AirForceOfficeof ScientificResearch,andthe Federal HighwayAdministration.Hehasserved as editor of theTransportationHumanFactorsJournal,AssociateEditor of HumanFactors,andeditsthebookseries HumanFactorsinTransportation.HENRYL.ROEDIGERIistheJamesSMcDonnell University Distinguished UniversityProfessor of Psychology and Dean of AcademicPlanning at Washington University in St. Louiswhere he has taught since 1996.He receiveda B.A.degree in psychology from Washingtonand Lee University in 1969 and a Ph.D. in cognitive psychology from Yale University in 1973Hehas taught atRice University(1988-1996)and Purdue University (1973-1988) and spent 3 years as a visitingprofessor at the University of Toronto. His research interests lie incognitive psychology,particularly in human learning and memoryDr.Roediger has published over180 articles,chapters,and reviews
v BARRY H. KANTOWITZ is Professor of Psychology, Professor of Indus trial and Operational Engineering, and former Director of the Transportation Re search Institute at the University of Michigan. Prior to that, he was Chief Scientist of the Human Factors Trans portation Center of the Battelle Mem orial Institute in Seattle. He received the Ph.D. degree in experimental psychology from the University of Wisconsin in 1969. From 1969 to 1987 he held positions as Assistant, Associate, and Professor of Psychological Sciences at Purdue Uni versity, West Lafayette, Indiana. Dr. Kantowitz was elected a Fellow of the American Psychological Association in 1974. He has been a National Institute of Mental Health Postdoctoral Fellow at the Uni versity of Oregon, a Senior Lecturer in Ergonomics at the Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim, Norway, and a Visiting Professor of Technical Psychology at the University of Lulea, Sweden. He has written and edited more than one dozen books. His research on human attention, mental workload, reaction time, human-machine interaction, and human factors has been supported by the Offi ce of Education, the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Air Force Offi ce of Scientifi c Research, and the Federal Highway Administration. He has served as editor of the Transportation Human Factors Journal, Associate Editor of Human Factors, and edits the book series Human Factors in Transportation. HENRY L. ROEDIGER III is the James S. McDonnell University Distinguished University Professor of Psychology and Dean of Academic Planning at Washington University in St. Louis, where he has taught since 1996. He received a B.A. degree in psychology from Washington and Lee University in 1969 and a Ph.D. in cognitive psychology from Yale University in 1973. He has taught at Rice University (1988–1996) and Purdue University (1973–1988) and spent 3 years as a visiting professor at the University of Toronto. His research interests lie in cognitive psychology, particularly in human learning and memory. Dr. Roediger has published over 180 articles, chapters, and reviews, ABOUT THE AUTHORS 59533_01_fm_pi-xxiv.indd v 9533_01_fm_pi-xxiv.indd v 3/6/08 7:06:46 PM /6/08 7:06:46 PM