Biological information is hierarchicalEcosystemsPopulationsIndividual organismsNetworks of cells, tissues, organsCellsMolecularmachines,networksRNAs,proteinsDigital information in genomes12-11
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 12-11 Biological information is hierarchical Biological information is hierarchical Digital information in genomes RNAs, proteins Molecular machines, networks Cells Networks of cells, tissues, organs Individual organisms Populations Ecosystems
DigitalgenomicinformationIncludestwotypes of sequences:Genes that encode proteins and untranslated RNAs.Cis-controlelements:ShortDNA seguences (6-15 bp)thatconstitute the control elements adjacent (or cis)to the genes12-12
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 12-12 Digital genomic information Digital genomic information Includes two types of sequences: Includes two types of sequences: Genes that encode proteins and that encode proteins and untranslated untranslated RNAs. Cis-control elements control elements: Short DNA sequences (6 : Short DNA sequences (6-15 bp) that constitute the control elements adjacent (or constitute the control elements adjacent (or cis) to the genes. ) to the genes
Gene-encoded proteins interact with other proteins andmacromolecules to form molecular machines and proteinnetworks.Molecular machines:Nuclearpores,ribosomes,and spliceosomes.The nuclear pore in yeastcontainsabout60proteinsFig.21.312-13
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 12-13 The nuclear pore in yeast contains about 60 proteins Fig. 21.3 Molecular machines Molecular machines: Nuclear pores, Nuclear pores, ribosomes ribosomes, and spliceosomes spliceosomes. Gene-encoded proteins interact with other proteins and macromolecules to form molecular machines and protein networks
Protein networks: Setsof interacting proteinsor metabolites thatexecute a particularbiological functionAbout2500proteinsand7000 linkages comprise thisyeastprotein networkFig.21.412-14
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 12-14 About 2500 proteins and About 2500 proteins and 7000 linkages comprise this 7000 linkages comprise this yeast protein network yeast protein network Fig. 21.4 Protein networks Protein networks: Sets of interacting proteins of interacting proteins or metabolites that or metabolites that execute a particular execute a particular biological function. biological function
Transcription factors are key players in gene regulatorynetworksTranscription factorsinteractwith cognatecis-controlelements12-15
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 12-15 Transcription factors are key players in gene regulatory Transcription factors are key players in gene regulatory networks networks Transcription factors Transcription factors interact with cognate interact with cognate cis-control elements control elements