FLOWS 1ST-2001-32125 Deliverable No:D14 3.4.1 The role of standards.. 55 3.4.2 Compatibility across multiple standards.. .56 3.4.3 Sharable features of standards. .56 3.4.4 Standard-friendly MIMO techniques. 56 3.5 Assessment and selection of techniques. . 3.5.1 Multi-standard friendliness.. 58 3.5.2 Performance....... .59 3.5.3 Recommendations. .60 AIOINT TRANSMISSION 61 4 1 Basics of Joint Transmission (JT) 61 61 4 1 2 Multi-user MIMO transmission mode 62 413 Data tra 63 4.14 dem of impe channel knowledge re 44 nenc model of linea MIMO transmiss sion system 444444 Pertorm nance analysis of the JT with perfect channel kno edg cnann dge versus transmission performance 425 627 Exemplary nume Appraisal of intercell interference 8 4.3.1 78 432 Normalized transmission model and performance criterion ...... 4.3.3 Appraisal of intercell interference caused by performing JT..... 83 4.4 Intercell interference reduction.. 9 4.4.1 Preliminary remark....... g 4.4.2 Generalized JT. 9 4.4.3 Energy reduced JT....... 94 4.4.4 Other intercell interference reduction methods 113 4.5 Coexistence of JT and JD......... 115 4.5.1 Introduction. .115 4.5.2 Classification of MT .116 4.5.3 Identification of different receiver structures. 120 454 Concurrent operation of JT and JD. 121 4.5.5 Symbiotic operation of JT and JD.. 124 4.5.6 Support of MTs without identification.. 131 4 6 Annendix 134 4.6.1 Appendix I:Linear Taylor expansion 134 4 6 2 Appendix ll:Convariance matrix 135 46.3 ndix l:Transmit energy 135 5. CHANNEL ORIENTED JOINT TRANSMISSION 137 5.1.1 -user MIMG downlinks 31"December 2003 Page7
FLOWS IST-2001-32125 Deliverable No: D14 31st December 2003 Page 7 3.4.1 The role of standards .............................................................................................................55 3.4.2 Compatibility across multiple standards.................................................................................56 3.4.3 Sharable features of standards..............................................................................................56 3.4.4 Standard-friendly MIMO techniques ......................................................................................56 3.5 Assessment and selection of techniques .................................................................................57 3.5.1 Multi-standard friendliness .....................................................................................................58 3.5.2 Performance...........................................................................................................................59 3.5.3 Recommendations .................................................................................................................60 4. JOINT TRANSMISSIONEQUATION SECTION 4 .......................................................... 61 4.1 Basics of Joint Transmission (JT).............................................................................................61 4.1.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................61 4.1.2 Multi-user MIMO transmission model ....................................................................................62 4.1.3 Data transmission and detection............................................................................................63 4.1.4 Exemplary demodulator .........................................................................................................65 4.2 Influence of imperfect channel knowledge ...............................................................................66 4.2.1 Preliminary remark .................................................................................................................66 4.2.2 Generic model of linear MIMO transmission system .............................................................67 4.2.3 Performance analysis of the JT with perfect channel knowledge..........................................69 4.2.4 Imperfect channel knowledge versus transmission performance..........................................72 4.2.5 Exemplary numerical results..................................................................................................77 4.3 Appraisal of intercell interference .............................................................................................78 4.3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................78 4.3.2 Normalized transmission model and performance criterion ..................................................79 4.3.3 Appraisal of intercell interference caused by performing JT..................................................83 4.4 Intercell interference reduction .................................................................................................92 4.4.1 Preliminary remark .................................................................................................................92 4.4.2 Generalized JT.......................................................................................................................92 4.4.3 Energy reduced JT.................................................................................................................94 4.4.4 Other intercell interference reduction methods....................................................................113 4.5 Coexistence of JT and JD ......................................................................................................115 4.5.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................115 4.5.2 Classification of MT..............................................................................................................116 4.5.3 Identification of different receiver structures ........................................................................120 4.5.4 Concurrent operation of JT and JD......................................................................................121 4.5.5 Symbiotic operation of JT and JD ........................................................................................124 4.5.6 Support of MTs without identification...................................................................................131 4.6 Appendix.................................................................................................................................134 4.6.1 Appendix I: Linear Taylor expansion....................................................................................134 4.6.2 Appendix II: Convariance matrix ..........................................................................................135 4.6.3 Appendix III: Transmit energy ..............................................................................................135 5. CHANNEL ORIENTED JOINT TRANSMISSION EQUATION SECTION 5 ................. 137 5.1 Channel oriented Joint Transmission (CO-JT).......................................................................137 5.1.1 Receiver oriented and channel multi-user MIMO downlinks ...............................................137
FLOWS 1ST-2001-32125 Deliverable No:D14 5.12 Energy efficiency. 140 5.1.3 CO-JT with beneficial choice of demodulators.. 141 5.1.4 Performance study of CO-JT... 144 5.2 Enhanced CO-JT.......... 158 5.2.1 Dominant eigenvector vs.second strongest eigenvector. 158 5.2.2 Enhanced CO-JT with eigenvector selection algorithm.. 161 5.2.3 Performance evaluation. 165 6.CLASSIFICATION AND PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF MIMO TECHNIQUES FOR OFDM SYSTEMS..... .170 6.1 OFDM Based Techniques. 170 6.1.1 Frequency Selective Radio Channels.... .170 6.1.2 Basic OFDM System.... 170 6.1.3 MIMO and OFDM. 173 6.1.4 Subcarrier specific Linear MIMO Encoding 176 6.1.5 Subcarrier specific Space-Time Coding 176 6.1.6 Space-Frequency Coding. 176 6 1 7 Coded MIMO-OEDM system 177 6.2 Classification of MIMO-OFDM techniques according to the available channel knowledge...179 6.3 MIMO-OFDM with full channel knowledge at the transmitter and receiver. 1R 631 Subcarrier specific SyD trar system without bit loading 180 6 32 OFDM-SVD with bit load 182 MIMO-OFDM with at ansmitter and full knowledge at the receiver ,182 6.4.1 Antenna selection. 183 6.4.2 A novel MIMO OFDM scheme with partial channel state information at the transmitter.....186 6.5 MIMO-OFDM with no channel knowedge at the transmiter and full channel knowledge at the eceive 6.5.1 Space-time-frequency block code 6.5.2 Spatial multiplexing(SM). 199 6.6 MIMO-OFDM techniques with no channel knowledge at the receiver 202 6.6.1 Differential space-time block code(DSTBC)... 202 6.7 Simulation results and comparison.... 204 7.MIMO TECHNIQUES FOR WCDMA. .207 7.1 MIMO WCDMA with multi-user detection. 207 7 11 Introduction 207 7 1 2 MIMO CDMA system model 208 7 13 Space-time Turbo codes 212 7.1.4 MMSE Multi-user-antenna receiver 212 7.1.5 Low Complexity Turbo Decoder. 214 7.1.6 Turbo PIC STTUC CDMA receiver. 216 7.1.7 Simulation results. 220 7.2 alisation for the WCDMA Downlink 297 7211 227 7.2.2 Receivers for WCDMA downlink 227 31December 2003 Page8
FLOWS IST-2001-32125 Deliverable No: D14 31st December 2003 Page 8 5.1.2 Energy efficiency..................................................................................................................140 5.1.3 CO-JT with beneficial choice of demodulators ....................................................................141 5.1.4 Performance study of CO-JT ...............................................................................................144 5.2 Enhanced CO-JT....................................................................................................................158 5.2.1 Dominant eigenvector vs. second strongest eigenvector ...................................................158 5.2.2 Enhanced CO-JT with eigenvector selection algorithm.......................................................161 5.2.3 Performance evaluation .......................................................................................................165 6. CLASSIFICATION AND PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF MIMO TECHNIQUES FOR OFDM SYSTEMS................................................................................................. 170 6.1 OFDM Based Techniques ......................................................................................................170 6.1.1 Frequency Selective Radio Channels..................................................................................170 6.1.2 Basic OFDM System............................................................................................................170 6.1.3 MIMO and OFDM.................................................................................................................173 6.1.4 Subcarrier specific Linear MIMO Encoding .........................................................................176 6.1.5 Subcarrier specific Space-Time Coding ..............................................................................176 6.1.6 Space-Frequency Coding ....................................................................................................176 6.1.7 Coded MIMO-OFDM system ...............................................................................................177 6.2 Classification of MIMO-OFDM techniques according to the available channel knowledge...179 6.3 MIMO-OFDM with full channel knowledge at the transmitter and receiver............................180 6.3.1 Subcarrier specific SVD transmission system without bit loading .......................................180 6.3.2 OFDM-SVD transmission system with bit loading ...............................................................182 6.4 MIMO-OFDM with partial channel knowledge at the transmitter and full knowledge at the receiver ...................................................................................................................................182 6.4.1 Antenna selection.................................................................................................................183 6.4.2 A novel MIMO OFDM scheme with partial channel state information at the transmitter.....186 6.5 MIMO-OFDM with no channel knowledge at the transmitter and full channel knowledge at the receiver ...................................................................................................................................197 6.5.1 Space-time-frequency block code........................................................................................197 6.5.2 Spatial multiplexing(SM) ......................................................................................................199 6.6 MIMO-OFDM techniques with no channel knowledge at the receiver ...................................202 6.6.1 Differential space-time block code (DSTBC) .......................................................................202 6.7 Simulation results and comparison.........................................................................................204 7. MIMO TECHNIQUES FOR WCDMA ............................................................................ 207 7.1 MIMO WCDMA with multi-user detection...............................................................................207 7.1.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................207 7.1.2 MIMO CDMA system model.................................................................................................208 7.1.3 Space-time Turbo codes......................................................................................................212 7.1.4 MMSE Multi-user-antenna receiver .....................................................................................212 7.1.5 Low Complexity Turbo Decoder...........................................................................................214 7.1.6 Turbo PIC STTuC CDMA receiver.......................................................................................216 7.1.7 Simulation results.................................................................................................................220 7.2 Chip Equalisation for the WCDMA Downlink..........................................................................227 7.2.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................227 7.2.2 Receivers for WCDMA downlink..........................................................................................227
FLOWS 1ST-2001-32125 Deliverable No:D14 7.2.3 MIMO WCDMA receivers. 237 7.2.4 Pilot-aided channel estimation for WCDMA receivers.. 254 7.2.5 Chip equalisation for 3G systems ..258 7.2.6 Conclusions. 264 8.FREQUENCY AND CHANNEL ESTIMATION IN MIMO SYSTEMS... .266 8.1 Introduction. 266 8 2 Signal and channel models 268 8 2 1 SNR for deterministic MIMO channels 271 8.2 2 SNR for MIMo fading channels 271 83 CPI R for det erministic char 272 8.3.1 CRLB for channel estimation in deterministic MIMO channels 274 8 32 Crlb for freque ncy estimation in de istic MIMo cha 278 MIMO channels 281 34 MCRI B and ACRIB for 84.2 ACRLB. ing char nnel 5.1s1s0 ng c anne w A nd ir dependent fadi ing of channel gains MCRLB.AC RLB,and CRL Bfor orthogonal pilot signals. 8.6 ML frequency estimation in fading channels with known statistical characteristics 8.7 ML frequency estimation in fading channels with unknown variances of path amplitudes 305 8.8 Frequency estimation when statistical characteristics of fading and noise are unknown ... 307 8.9 Simulation results................ 308 8.10 Conclusions. 315 Appendix 1... .316 9.ITERATIVE CHANNEL ESTIMATION FOR MIMO FLAT FADING CHANNELS ..........20 9.1 Introduction... 319 9.2 System model. 319 02 1 Transmitter 319 922 Channel model 320 9.2.3 Receiver structure 321 9.3 Channel estimator 372 94 Simulation results 325 9.5 Conclusion 327 10.LINKAGES WITH OTHER WORKPACKAGES 32 WP2:"Cha Measurements n8 1812 nel mod 328 nnel models and measurements 329 model 10.2 WP3 Antenna Design and Test 8 31December 2003 Page9
FLOWS IST-2001-32125 Deliverable No: D14 31st December 2003 Page 9 7.2.3 MIMO WCDMA receivers.....................................................................................................237 7.2.4 Pilot-aided channel estimation for WCDMA receivers.........................................................254 7.2.5 Chip equalisation for 3G systems ........................................................................................258 7.2.6 Conclusions..........................................................................................................................264 8. FREQUENCY AND CHANNEL ESTIMATION IN MIMO SYSTEMS............................ 266 8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 266 8.2 Signal and channel models ....................................................................................................... 268 8.2.1 SNR for deterministic MIMO channels.................................................................................. 271 8.2.2 SNR for MIMO fading channels ............................................................................................ 271 8.3 CRLB for deterministic channels .............................................................................................. 272 8.3.1 CRLB for channel estimation in deterministic MIMO channels ............................................ 274 8.3.2 CRLB for frequency estimation in deterministic MIMO channels ......................................... 278 8.3.3 Optimal pilot sequences for deterministic MIMO channels................................................... 281 8.4 MCRLB and ACRLB for fading channels .................................................................................. 286 8.4.1 MCRLB.................................................................................................................................. 286 8.4.2 ACRLB. ................................................................................................................................. 288 8.5 CRLB for Rayleigh fading channels .......................................................................................... 289 8.5.1 SISO fading channels with AWGN ....................................................................................... 290 8.5.2 MIMO fading channels with AWGN ...................................................................................... 292 8.5.3 MIMO channels with AWGN and independent fading of channel gains ............................... 292 8.5.4 MCRLB, ACRLB, and CRLB for orthogonal pilot signals...................................................... 293 8.6 ML frequency estimation in fading channels with known statistical characteristics ..................302 8.7 ML frequency estimation in fading channels with unknown variances of path amplitudes .......305 8.8 Frequency estimation when statistical characteristics of fading and noise are unknown ........307 8.9 Simulation results....................................................................................................................... 308 8.10 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 315 Appendix I .........................................................................................................................................316 9. ITERATIVE CHANNEL ESTIMATION FOR MIMO FLAT FADING CHANNELS .......... 20 9.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................319 9.2 System model .........................................................................................................................319 9.2.1 Transmitter ...........................................................................................................................319 9.2.2 Channel model .....................................................................................................................320 9.2.3 Receiver structure................................................................................................................321 9.3 Channel estimator...................................................................................................................323 9.4 Simulation results ...................................................................................................................325 9.5 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................327 10. LINKAGES WITH OTHER WORKPACKAGES ........................................................... 328 10.1 WP2: “Channel Modelling & Measurements” .........................................................................328 10.1.1 Nature of channel models ....................................................................................................328 10.1.2 Availability of channel models and measurements..............................................................329 10.1.3 FLOWS channel models ......................................................................................................330 10.2 WP3: “Antenna Design and Test”...........................................................................................330
FLOWS 1ST-2001-32125 Deliverable No:D14 10.2.1 Antenna element spacing... 331 10.2.2 Array topology ..331 10.2.3 Element directivity. .331 10.2.4 Element coupling... .331 10.2.5 Dual polar elements:cross-polar coupling.. 332 10.2.6 Characterising antenna arrays.... .332 10.3 WP4:"RF Systems".... .333 10.3.1 Cross-talk between RF chains. 333 10.3.2 Linearity of receive chains.... .333 10.3.3 Linearity of HPAs. 333 10.3.4 Phase noise.. 333 10.3.5 Initial stages of signal processing .334 11.CONCLUSIONS. .335 31December 2003 Page 10
FLOWS IST-2001-32125 Deliverable No: D14 31st December 2003 Page 10 10.2.1 Antenna element spacing.....................................................................................................331 10.2.2 Array topology ......................................................................................................................331 10.2.3 Element directivity ................................................................................................................331 10.2.4 Element coupling..................................................................................................................331 10.2.5 Dual polar elements: cross-polar coupling...........................................................................332 10.2.6 Characterising antenna arrays.............................................................................................332 10.3 WP4: “RF Systems” ................................................................................................................333 10.3.1 Cross-talk between RF chains.............................................................................................333 10.3.2 Linearity of receive chains....................................................................................................333 10.3.3 Linearity of HPAs .................................................................................................................333 10.3.4 Phase noise .........................................................................................................................333 10.3.5 Initial stages of signal processing ........................................................................................334 11. CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................ 335
FLOWS 1ST-2001-32125 Deliverable No:D14 LIST OF FIGURES 4445466441814444464454544444446464454444444444446144445481444461644… 19 8 FIgure 2.3 Pa c onne DFE scheme ....... Figure 2.4 Fully co IC DFE scheme... Figure 3.1 Principle of spatial multiplexing... 2 Figure 3.2 Principle of linear beamforming. Figure 3.3 Architecture of BLAST system.. 45 Figure 3.4 Mapping of coded data streams to antennas in BLAST... .45 Figure 3.5 Trellis for simple space-time code.... 45 Figure 3.6 Increase of the respectively;JT f omor Uand OL 0 Figure 3.7 Basic MAC frame structure [John99]..... 5 Figure 3.8 STTuC Uplink CDMA System(2-User,1-TC,2_2-Antenna Sample.. .51 Figure 3.9 STTuC Downlink CDMA System(2-User,2-TC,2_2-Antenna Sample).... .52 Figure 4.1 Structure of the demodulator matrix D of(4.14)for the example given by(4.21).....65 Figu re4.2 Different MT specific demodulator matrices Dof(4.12)conceming the air interfaces TDD and OFDM 66 Figure 4.3versus for N=4 and x=0.4;comparison between simulation results ( and analytical results (-). .78 Figure 4.4 Description of a mobile radio DL with the normalized matrices.andB...80 Figure 4.5 Three dimensional plot of of(4.119). .88 Figure 4.6 Three dimensional plot of of(4.124)for=5. Figure 4.7 Three dimensional plot of of (4.124)for =32.. 91 Figure 4.Three dimensional plot of of(4.126)for=32.. .92 Figure 4.9 Generic model of a linear transmission system. 9 Figure 4.10 Mean SNIR y of the TxMF,the TxZF and the TXMMSE,parameters: N=10,p=0.9 108 Figure 4.11 Energy of the desired data symbols for the TxMF the TxZF and the Figure 4.12 Er nergy of the interfe rence for the TxMF,the TxZF and the TxMM g Figure 4.13 Multiply connected decision regions G with partial decision regions G;M=4 111 Figure 4.14 Nassi Shneiderman diagram for the generation of the transmit signal in TXNZF112 Figure 4.15 Trans-cellular JT for 7 cells... 114 Figure 4.16 Considered scenario for the case,K=2........ 4.116 Figure 4.17 Normalised MT specific demodulator matrixof(4.237). …117 Figure 4.18 Illustration of the set formalism for various receiver structures. 119 Figure 4.19 Alternating time slot allocation to JT and JD....... .122 Figure 4.20 frequency slot allocation to JT and JD..... …122 Figure 4.21 Illustration of the spatial separation of JT and JD transmit signals.... .123 31 December 2003 Page 11
FLOWS IST-2001-32125 Deliverable No: D14 31st December 2003 Page 11 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 MIMO DFE scheme.............................................................................................................19 Figure 2.2 MISO DFE scheme ............................................................................................................20 Figure 2.3 Partly connected OSIC DFE scheme ...............................................................................20 Figure 2.4 Fully connected OSIC DFE scheme ................................................................................21 Figure 3.1 Principle of spatial multiplexing......................................................................................42 Figure 3.2 Principle of linear beamforming......................................................................................44 Figure 3.3 Architecture of BLAST system........................................................................................45 Figure 3.4 Mapping of coded data streams to antennas in BLAST ...............................................45 Figure 3.5 Trellis for simple space-time code..................................................................................45 Figure 3.6 Increase of the useful data rate using different burst formats for UL and DL, respectively; JT for DL transmission .........................................................................................50 Figure 3.7 Basic MAC frame structure [John99]...............................................................................50 Figure 3.8 STTuC Uplink CDMA System (2-User, 1-TC, 2_2-Antenna Sample .............................51 Figure 3.9 STTuC Downlink CDMA System (2-User, 2-TC, 2_2-Antenna Sample) .......................52 Figure 4.1 Structure of the demodulator matrix D of (4.14) for the example given by (4.21).......65 Figure 4.2 Different MT specific demodulator matrices ( ) k D of (4.12) concerning the air interfaces TDD and OFDM ...........................................................................................................66 Figure 4.3 Pb,n versus % i,n γ for t N = 4 and x = 0.4 ; comparison between simulation results (*) and analytical results ( ) − ............................................................................................................78 Figure 4.4 Description of a mobile radio DL with the normalized matrices M, H, and D ........80 Figure 4.5 Three dimensional plot of ( ) , rel k ηn of (4.119).......................................................................88 Figure 4.6 Three dimensional plot of ( ) , rel k η n of (4.124) for KB = 5. ...................................................90 Figure 4.7 Three dimensional plot of ( ) , rel k η n of (4.124) for Q = 32. ....................................................91 Figure 4.8 Three dimensional plot of ( ) , rel k η n of (4.126) for Q = 32. ....................................................92 Figure 4.9 Generic model of a linear transmission system.............................................................94 Figure 4.10 Mean SNIR γ of the TxMF, the TxZF and the TxMMSE, parameters: N = = 10, 0.9 ρ ..........................................................................................................................108 Figure 4.11 Energy of the desired data symbols for the TxMF, the TxZF and the TxMMSE ......109 Figure 4.12 Energy of the interference for the TxMF, the TxZF and the TxMMSE ......................109 Figure 4.13 Multiply connected decision regions Gm with partial decision regions Gm p, ; M = 4 111 Figure 4.14 Nassi Shneiderman diagram for the generation of the transmit signal t in TxNZF112 Figure 4.15 Trans-cellular JT for 7 cells ..........................................................................................114 Figure 4.16 Considered scenario for the case, K=2 .......................................................................116 Figure 4.17 Normalised MT specific demodulator matrix ( ) k D of (4.237) .....................................117 Figure 4.18 Illustration of the set formalism for various receiver structures..............................119 Figure 4.19 Alternating time slot allocation to JT and JD .............................................................122 Figure 4.20 frequency slot allocation to JT and JD........................................................................122 Figure 4.21 Illustration of the spatial separation of JT and JD transmit signals ........................123