《无线通信理论》课程教学资源（参考教材）Fundamentals of Wireless Communication（英文版，共八部分）

Fundamentals of Wireless Communication David Tse.University of California.Berkeley Pramod Viswanath.University of Illinois,Urbana-Champaign September 10.2004 1Draft,to be published by Cambridge University Press,which owns the copyright.Online version is available with their permission.Comments will be much appreciated;please send them to dtseeecs.berkeley.edu or pramodv@uiuc.edu

Fundamentals of Wireless Communication1 David Tse, University of California, Berkeley Pramod Viswanath, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign September 10, 2004 1Draft, to be published by Cambridge University Press, which owns the copyright. Online version is available with their permission. Comments will be much appreciated; please send them to dtse@eecs.berkeley.edu or pramodv@uiuc.edu

Contents 1 Introduction 12 1.1 Book Objective............................ 1.2 Vireless Systems................,............, 1.3 Book Outline 。 公 2 The Wireless Channel 3 2.1 Physical Modeling for Wireless Channels 。 2.1.1 Free space,fixed transmitting and receive antennas 2.12 2.1.3 ,moving ante Free 2 214 ngwa业. antenna Reflecting wall,m wing antenna 524 2.1.5 Refection from a Ground Plane 2.1.6 Power Decay with Distance and Shadowing. 。 2.1.7 Moving Antenna,Multiple Reflectors 吧 2.2 Input/Output Model of the Wireless Channel 2.2.1 The Wireless Channel as a Linear Time-Varying System 32 Baseband Ec ent Model 2.2.3 A Discrete T me Baseband Model 33 Discussion 2.1 Degrees of Freedom 2.24 Additive White Noise. 2.3 Time and Frequency Coherence 2.3.1 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time 为 2.3.2 Spread and Coherence Bandwidth 2.4 Statistical Ch el Models 2.4.1 Modeling Philosophy 4 2.4.2 Rayleigh and Rician Fading.. 。。。。。。 2.4.3 Tap Gain Autocorrelation Function 吻 Example 2.2 Clarke's Model 2.5 Bibliographical Notes 26E ses 56

Contents 1 Introduction 12 1.1 Book Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.2 Wireless Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.3 Book Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2 The Wireless Channel 21 2.1 Physical Modeling for Wireless Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.1.1 Free space, fixed transmitting and receive antennas . . . . . . . 23 2.1.2 Free space, moving antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.1.3 Reflecting wall, fixed antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.1.4 Reflecting wall, moving antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.1.5 Reflection from a Ground Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.1.6 Power Decay with Distance and Shadowing . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.1.7 Moving Antenna, Multiple Reflectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.2 Input/Output Model of the Wireless Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.2.1 The Wireless Channel as a Linear Time-Varying System . . . . 32 2.2.2 Baseband Equivalent Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.2.3 A Discrete Time Baseband Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Discussion 2.1 Degrees of Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.2.4 Additive White Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.3 Time and Frequency Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.3.1 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.3.2 Delay Spread and Coherence Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.4 Statistical Channel Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.4.1 Modeling Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.4.2 Rayleigh and Rician Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.4.3 Tap Gain Autocorrelation Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Example 2.2 Clarke’s Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.5 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 1

Tse and Viswanath:Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 2 3 Point-to-Point Communication: Detection,Diversity and Channel Uncertainty 64 3.1 Det 3.1 ction in a Rayleigh Fading Channel Noncoher nt Detection 3.1.2 Coherent Detection 。。 68 3.1.3 From BPSK to OPSK:Exploiting the Degrees of Freedom... 3.1.4 Diversity 3.2 Time Diversity 。 3.2.1 Repetition Coding 322 nd re petition Coding Example 3.1 Time Diversity in GSM 3.3 Antenna Diversity·· 3.3.1 Receive Diversity ，。 3.3.2 Transmit Diversity:Space-Time Codes % 3.3.3 MIMO:A2×2 Example uency Diversity 100 3.4. Basic Cor 100 342 Single-Carrier with ISI Equalization 102 3.4.3 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 109 3.4.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing..... 114 3.5 Impact of Channel Uncertainty 122 3.5.1 Noncoherent Detection for DS Spread Spectrum 122 352 Channel Estimatior 253 Oth versity Scenarios 3.6 Bibliographical Notes 3.7 Exercis0s,,..,,.,,..,,.,.. 132 Cellular Systems:Multiple Access and Interference Management 143 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Narrowband Cellular Systems ,...146 4.2.1 Narrowband allocations:GSM system 147 42.2 Impact on Network and System Design 123 ct on Fre Reuse 4.3 Wideband S CDMA 4.3.1 CDMA Uplink 155 4.3.2 CDMA Downlink 170 4.3.3 System Issues 171 4.4 Wideband Systems:OFDM 174 4.4.1 Allocation Design Principles 174 4.4.2 Hopping Patt 4.4.3 Signal Characteristics and Receiver Design 177

Tse and Viswanath: Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 2 3 Point-to-Point Communication: Detection, Diversity and Channel Uncertainty 64 3.1 Detection in a Rayleigh Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.1.1 Noncoherent Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.1.2 Coherent Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.1.3 From BPSK to QPSK: Exploiting the Degrees of Freedom . . . 72 3.1.4 Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.2 Time Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.2.1 Repetition Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3.2.2 Beyond Repetition Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Example 3.1 Time Diversity in GSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 3.3 Antenna Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 3.3.1 Receive Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 3.3.2 Transmit Diversity: Space-Time Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 3.3.3 MIMO: A 2 × 2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 3.4 Frequency Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 3.4.1 Basic Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 3.4.2 Single-Carrier with ISI Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 3.4.3 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 3.4.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . 114 3.5 Impact of Channel Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 3.5.1 Noncoherent Detection for DS Spread Spectrum . . . . . . . . . 122 3.5.2 Channel Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 3.5.3 Other Diversity Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 3.6 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 3.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 4 Cellular Systems: Multiple Access and Interference Management 143 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 4.2 Narrowband Cellular Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 4.2.1 Narrowband allocations: GSM system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 4.2.2 Impact on Network and System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 4.2.3 Impact on Frequency Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 4.3 Wideband Systems: CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 4.3.1 CDMA Uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 4.3.2 CDMA Downlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 4.3.3 System Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 4.4 Wideband Systems: OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 4.4.1 Allocation Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 4.4.2 Hopping Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 4.4.3 Signal Characteristics and Receiver Design . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Tse and Viswanath:Fundamentals of Wireless Communicatior 3 4.4.4 Sectorization 。。 ··178 Example 4.1 Flash-OFDM... 179 4.5 Bibliographical Notes 181 4 6 Exer ises 12 5 Capacity of Wireless channels 195 5.1 AWGN Channel Capacity 1g6 Repe tition Coding 5.1.2 Packing Spheres Discus sion 5.1 Capacity-Achieving AWGN Channel Codes 。 199 5.2 Resources of the awGn Channel 201 5.2.1 Continuous-Time aWGn Channel 202 5.2.2 Power and Bandwidth Example 5.2 Bandwidth Reuse in Cellular Systems 2 5.3 Linear Time Invariant G an Ch 209 0. Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO)Channel 20 5.3.2 Multiple Input Single Output (MISO)Channel 210 5.3.3 Frequency-Selective channel 211 5.4 Capacity of Fading Channels 217 54 1 Slow Fading Channel 218 5.4.2 Receive Diversity 221 Transmit Diversity Time and Frequency Diversity 5.4.5 Fast Fading Channel 231 5.4.6 Transmitter Side Information 236 Example 5.3 Rate Adaptation in IS-856 244 5.4.7 Frequ ency-Selective Fading Channels 247 A Shift in Point tof View 5.5 Bibliographical 4 5.6 Exercises 253 6 Multiu Capacity and Opportunistic Communication 266 6.1 Uplink AWGN Channel 267 6.1.1 Capacity via successive Interference Cancellation 267 6.1.2 Comparison with Conventional CDMA 271 6.13 Comparison with Orthogonal Multiple Access 271 6.14 l K ser Uplink Capacity 2 6.2 Downlink AWGN Channe 25 6.2.1 Symmetric Case:Two Capacity-Achieving Schemes 6.2.2 General Case:Superposition Coding Achieves Capacity 279 Discussion 6.1 SIC:Implementation Issues.... ...283

Tse and Viswanath: Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 3 4.4.4 Sectorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Example 4.1 Flash-OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 4.5 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 4.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 5 Capacity of Wireless Channels 195 5.1 AWGN Channel Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 5.1.1 Repetition Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 5.1.2 Packing Spheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Discussion 5.1 Capacity-Achieving AWGN Channel Codes . . 199 5.2 Resources of the AWGN Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 5.2.1 Continuous-Time AWGN Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 5.2.2 Power and Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Example 5.2 Bandwidth Reuse in Cellular Systems . . . . . . 205 5.3 Linear Time-Invariant Gaussian Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 5.3.1 Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) Channel . . . . . . . . . 209 5.3.2 Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) Channel . . . . . . . . . 210 5.3.3 Frequency-Selective Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 5.4 Capacity of Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 5.4.1 Slow Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 5.4.2 Receive Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 5.4.3 Transmit Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 5.4.4 Time and Frequency Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 5.4.5 Fast Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 5.4.6 Transmitter Side Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Example 5.3 Rate Adaptation in IS-856 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 5.4.7 Frequency-Selective Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 5.4.8 Summary: A Shift in Point of View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 5.5 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 5.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 6 Multiuser Capacity and Opportunistic Communication 266 6.1 Uplink AWGN Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 6.1.1 Capacity via Successive Interference Cancellation . . . . . . . . 267 6.1.2 Comparison with Conventional CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 6.1.3 Comparison with Orthogonal Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . 271 6.1.4 General K-user Uplink Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 6.2 Downlink AWGN Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 6.2.1 Symmetric Case: Two Capacity-Achieving Schemes . . . . . . . 276 6.2.2 General Case: Superposition Coding Achieves Capacity . . . . . 279 Discussion 6.1 SIC: Implementation Issues . . . . . . . . . . . 283

Tse and Viswanath:Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 4 6.3 Uplink Fading Channel. 285 6.3.1 Slow Fading Channel 6.3.2 Fast Fading Channe 287 6.3.3 tel Sid nformation 6.4 Downlink Fading Channel 6.4.1 Channel Side Information at Receiver Only...... 293 6.4.2 Full Channel side information 294 6.5 Frequency-Selective Fading Channels 294 6.6 Multiuser Diversity 295 6.61 Multiuser Div 66 versity Gain 295 Multiuser versus Classical Diversity 29 6.7 Multiuser Diversity:System Aspects 300 6.7.1 Fair Scheduling and Multiuser Diversity 。， 301 6.7.2 Channel Prediction and Feedback 308 673 Opportunistic Beamforming using Dumb Antennas 309 6.7.4 Multiuser Diversity in Multi-cell Systems 318 ”” 6.7.5 A System Vic 319 6.8 Bibliographical 325 6.9 Exercises 326 7 MIMO I:Spatial Multiplexing and Channel Modeling 342 7.1 Multiplexing Capabilitv of Deterministic MIMO Channels 343 7.1.1 Capacity via Singular Value Decomposition 343 7.1.2 Rank and Condition Number 346 7.2 Physical Modeling of MIMO Channels 347 721 34 722 e 72. Antenna arrays with only a line-of-sight path 7.2.4 Geographically separated antennas 352 7.2.5 Line-of-sight plus one refected path 359 7.3 Modeling of MIMO Fading Channels 364 Basic Approach 364 MIMO M ath Channel 7.3.3 Angular Domain Representation of Sig 7.3.4 Angular Domain Representation of MIMO Channels 370 7.3.5 Statistical modeling in the Angular Domain.... 372 7.3.6 Degrees of Freedom and Diversity 372 Example 7.1 Degrees of Freedom in Clustered Response Models 375 7.37 Dependency on Antenna Spacing 380 28 I.I.D.Rat leigh Fading Model 3 7.4 Bibliographical N 390

Tse and Viswanath: Fundamentals of Wireless Communication 4 6.3 Uplink Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 6.3.1 Slow Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 6.3.2 Fast Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 6.3.3 Full Channel Side Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 6.4 Downlink Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 6.4.1 Channel Side Information at Receiver Only . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 6.4.2 Full Channel Side Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 6.5 Frequency-Selective Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 6.6 Multiuser Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 6.6.1 Multiuser Diversity Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 6.6.2 Multiuser versus Classical Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 6.7 Multiuser Diversity: System Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 6.7.1 Fair Scheduling and Multiuser Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 6.7.2 Channel Prediction and Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 6.7.3 Opportunistic Beamforming using Dumb Antennas . . . . . . . 309 6.7.4 Multiuser Diversity in Multi-cell Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 6.7.5 A System View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 6.8 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 6.9 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 7 MIMO I: Spatial Multiplexing and Channel Modeling 342 7.1 Multiplexing Capability of Deterministic MIMO Channels . . . . . . . 343 7.1.1 Capacity via Singular Value Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . 343 7.1.2 Rank and Condition Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 7.2 Physical Modeling of MIMO Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 7.2.1 Line-of-Sight SIMO channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 7.2.2 Line-of-Sight MISO Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 7.2.3 Antenna arrays with only a line-of-sight path . . . . . . . . . . 351 7.2.4 Geographically separated antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 7.2.5 Line-of-sight plus one reflected path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 7.3 Modeling of MIMO Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 7.3.1 Basic Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 7.3.2 MIMO Multipath Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 7.3.3 Angular Domain Representation of Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 7.3.4 Angular Domain Representation of MIMO Channels . . . . . . . 370 7.3.5 Statistical Modeling in the Angular Domain . . . . . . . . . . . 372 7.3.6 Degrees of Freedom and Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Example 7.1 Degrees of Freedom in Clustered Response Models 375 7.3.7 Dependency on Antenna Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 7.3.8 I.I.D. Rayleigh Fading Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 7.4 Bibliographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390