Contents Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the Fourth Edition xiii Introduction: The Legacy of Marx PART ONE THE GERMAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 1 The Contribution of Engels Philosophy History 12 Politics 2 The Revisionist Controversy The spread of Marxism outside germany The origins of German revisionism Economics 26 Sociology Politics 31 Philosophy and historical materialism 34 Conclusion 3 The radicals Introduction Luxemburg: social reform or revolution 45 Luxemburg: consciousness and activity Luxemburg: imperialism The split in the SPD 4 Austro-Marxism PART TWO RUSSIAN MARXISM 5 Origins 69 Marx, Engels and Plekhanov The founding of the RSDLP 73 The Bolshevik-Menshevik split
viii Contents 6 Trotsky 7 Lenin 92 The Party Revolution Imperialist 101 The state 103 The national question 108 Philosophy 110 8 Russian marxism in the 1920s 123 War Communism 123 The New Economic Policy Socialism in One Country Art and philosophy 133 9 Stalinism 141 Industry, agriculture and party 141 Stalin as theoretician 145 Trotskys critique of Stalinism 148 10 Post- Stalin Communism 155 PART THREE EUROPEAN MARXISM BETWEEN THE WARS 11 Lukacs 171 12 Korsch 13 Council Communism 185 14 gramsci 190 Introduction 190 The Turin Council movement The prison Notebooks 195 PART FOUR CHINA AND THE THIRD WORLD 15 The Making of the Chinese Revolution 217 217 Mao and the peasantry 219 Revolutionary strategy 221
Guerrilla warfare 227 ys philosophy 228 16 Maoism in Power 235 The path of economic development 235 Class and contradiction 2 The Party and the masse 243 Historical materialism 253 The Sino-Soviet dispute Maoism: a conclusion 258 Asian Marxism outside china 260 17 Latin America Introduction Cuba 271 Regis debray 273 Liberation theology 18 Marxism and Underdevelopment 286 PART FIVE CONTEMPORARY MARXISM IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES Introduction 295 19 The Frankfurt School 297 The school and politics 297 Critical theory 300 The impact of psychoanalysis and fascism 303 Aesthetics 306 Marcuse 310 Habermas 315 20 Existentialist Marxism 325 ntroduction 325 Sartre 329 Arguments and the theorists of the 'New Working Class' 336 21 Italian Marxism 344 22 Structuralist Marxism 348 23 British Marxism 358
x Contents 24 Marxism in the united States 368 Histor Theory 377 Market socialism and analytical marxism 386 389 Globalisation and empire 390 25 Postmodern Marxism Conclusion 419 Chronological Table A Marxist genealogy 436 Further publications 437 Index 443
Preface to the first edition The varieties of Marxism over the last 100 years are so manifold and, at times, so subtle that any survey that aims to be fairly comprehensive is bound also to be fairly superficial. What I have tried to do is to describe the development of Marxist ideas. In order to make sense of this devel opment, a minimum of reference to their political, social and economic context is necessary; but I have not attempted to give a history of Marxism as a movement. i hope to have provided the basic information for any reader interested either in the evolution of Marxist doctrine as a whole or in the specific ideas of, say, Gramsci or Althusser. Since my text is intended only to be introductory, I have added to each section a sub stantial further reading list divided into a commentary section(to give the reader some, albeit subjective, guide as to the content of the books) and a larger section of purely bibliographical references Gay Sharp has improved the style of the book on virtually every page Tony Trivelli helped me substantially with the chapter on Gramsci; Nick Caswell and Jacqui Powell did the groundwork for the bibliography; and Joyce Macrae and Mary Nash prepared the final typescript splendidly D M Canterbury tember 1978