《现代大学英语》3（第二版）教案PsychosocialPsychosocialSignificantMaladaptationsStage (age)crisisrelations&MalignanciesvirtuessensoryI (0-1)hope, faithtrustvs.mistrustmotherdistortioninfantwithdrawalI (2-3)will,impulsivityautonomyVS.parentstoddlershameanddoubtdeterminationcompulsionII (3-6)initiativevs.ruthlessnesspurpose,familyguiltpreschoolerinhibitioncourageIV (7-12 or so)vs.neighborhoodindustrynarrowvirtuosityschool-agecompetenceinferiorityand schoolnertiachildPsychosocialSignificantPsychosocialMaladaptationsStage (age)crisisrelationsvirtues&MalignanciesV(12-18orso)ego-identityfanaticism→vs.peergroupsfidelity,lovaltyadolescencerole-confusionrolemodelsrepudiationvI (the20's)intimacyvs.partners,promiscuitylovefriendsyoung adultisolationexclusivityVII (late 20'soverextensiongenerativityhouseholdVSto50's)middlecareself-absorptionworkmatesadultrejectivityvII (50's andvs.mankindintegrityorpresumptionbeyond)wisdomdespair"my kind"despairold adultII.Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud grew up in Vienna, Austria and became a doctor of psychiatry. Early in hiscareer he was interested in hypnosis as a cure forhysteria, believing that the symptoms weredirectly related to repressed psychological trauma. He started the practice of "free association,"an effort to reveal unconscious emotions, and increasingly emphasized sexual development asthebasisforpsychological tension.FreudworkedbrieflywithCarl Jung,was aprofessorinVienna and co-founded the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society and the International Psychoanalytic6
《现代大学英语》3（第二版）教案 6 Stage (age) Psychosocial crisis Significant relations Psychosocial virtues Maladaptations & Malignancies I (0-1) infant trust vs. mistrust mother hope, faith sensory distortion → withdrawal II (2-3) toddler autonomy vs. shame and doubt parents will, determination impulsivity → compulsion III (3-6) preschooler initiative vs. guilt family purpose, courage ruthlessness → inhibition IV (7-12 or so) school-age child industry vs. inferiority neighborhood and school competence narrow virtuosity → nertia Stage (age) Psychosocial crisis Significant relations Psychosocial virtues Maladaptations & Malignancies V (12-18 or so) adolescence ego-identity vs. role-confusion peer groups, role models fidelity, loyalty fanaticism → repudiation VI (the 20’s) young adult intimacy vs. isolation partners, friends love promiscuity → exclusivity VII (late 20’s to 50’s) middle adult generativity vs. self-absorption household, workmates care overextension → rejectivity VIII (50’s and beyond) old adult integrity vs. despair mankind or “my kind” wisdom presumption → despair II. Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud grew up in Vienna, Austria and became a doctor of psychiatry. Early in his career he was interested in hypnosis as a cure for hysteria, believing that the symptoms were directly related to repressed psychological trauma. He started the practice of "free association," an effort to reveal unconscious emotions, and increasingly emphasized sexual development as the basis for psychological tension. Freud worked briefly with Carl Jung, was a professor in Vienna and co-founded the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society and the International Psychoanalytic
《现代大学英语》3（第二版）教案Association. In 1938 he left Austria for England to escape Hitler's government. Freud battledmouth cancer the last several years of his life, but continued to smoke cigars, his trademarkFreud'sDevelopmental theoryDespite controversy overhis work'sperceived concentration on sex,Freud was responsiblefor producing one of the most powerful developmental theories in Psychology. In this theory ofpsychosexual development, the stages occur in a predetermined sequence, in which the order ofthe stages does not vary although there may sometimes be a degree of overlap. The stages aremamarked by the part of the body which is significant. Very briefly, the stages are:Oral - (birth -1 year)-The mouth is the prime source of pleasurable sensations; the actionsbeing sucking and later biting.Anal -(1 to 3 years) - The rectum and anus are the prime sources of pleasurable sensations; theactions of holding inor lettinggoof faeces.Phallic -(3 to 5 years)-The penis or clitoris are the prime sources of pleasure; the phallic stageleadstotheperiodof crisis indevelopmentknownastheOedipus complex(inboys)andtheElectra complex (in girls).Latency period -A period of quiescence which lasts approximately until puberty.Genital (puberty onwards) - The genitals are the prime source of pleasurable sensations in bothboys and girls.Meanwhile,theIDispresentatbirth,andisthesourceoflibidinousimpulses.TheEGOdevelopsthroughout childhood,andmediatesbetweenthechild andtheoutside(social)world.The superego develops later, and it represents the child's internalization of the demands of thesociety in which it lives. The superego can further be subdivided into the ego ideal (the child'sconcept of behaviour that its parents will approve) and the conscience (the child's concept ofbehaviour that its parents will condemn).西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（SigmundFreud，1856.5.6一1939.9.23），犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有《性学三论》、《梦的释义》、《图腾与禁忌》、《日常生活的心理病理学》、《精神分析引论》、《精神分析引论新编》等。弗洛伊德是心理学史上的一个伟人，被称为二十世纪最伟大的三位犹太人之一。他是精神分析理论的创始人，首次承认了非理性在人类生活当中的重要地位。心理结构理论、心理动力学说、心理防御机制、人格发展理论等等都是弗洛伊德所提出的。人格结构理论人格结构的最基本的层次是本我（id），相当于他早期提出的潜意识。它处于心灵最底层，是一种与生俱来的动物性的本能冲动，特别是性冲动。它是混乱的、毫无理性的，只知按照快乐原则（pleasureprinciple）行事，盲目地追求满足。中间一层是直我（ego），它是从本我中分化出来是受现实陶冶而渐识时务的一部分。自我充当本我与外部世界的联络者与仲裁者，并且在超我的指导下监管本我的活动，它是一种能根据周围环境的实际条件来调节本我和超我的矛盾、决定自已行为方式的意识，代表的就是通常所说的理性或正确的判断。它按照“现实原则”行动，既要获得满足，又要避免痛苦。最上面一层是超我（superego），即能进行自我批判和道德控制的理想化了的自我，它是儿童在生长发育过程中社会尤其是父母给他的赏罚活动中形成的，换言之，是父母作为爱的角色和纪律的角色的赏罚权威的内化。它主要包括两个方面：一方面是平常人们所说的良心，代表着社会道德对个人的惩罚和规范作用，另一方面是理想自我，确定道德行为的标准。超我的主要职责是指导自我以道德良心自居，去限制、压抑本我的本能冲动，而按至善原则活动
《现代大学英语》3（第二版）教案 7 Association. In 1938 he left Austria for England to escape Hitler's government. Freud battled mouth cancer the last several years of his life, but continued to smoke cigars, his trademark. Freud’s Developmental theory Despite controversy over his work’s perceived concentration on sex, Freud was responsible for producing one of the most powerful developmental theories in Psychology. In this theory of psychosexual development, the stages occur in a predetermined sequence, in which the order of the stages does not vary although there may sometimes be a degree of overlap. The stages are mamarked by the part of the body which is significant. Very briefly, the stages are: Oral – (birth – 1 year) – The mouth is the prime source of pleasurable sensations; the actions being sucking and later biting. Anal – (1 to 3 years) – The rectum and anus are the prime sources of pleasurable sensations; the actions of holding in or letting go of faeces. Phallic – (3 to 5 years) – The penis or clitoris are the prime sources of pleasure; the phallic stage leads to the period of crisis in development known as the Oedipus complex (in boys) and the Electra complex (in girls). Latency period - A period of quiescence which lasts approximately until puberty. Genital (puberty onwards) – The genitals are the prime source of pleasurable sensations in both boys and girls. Meanwhile, the ID is present at birth, and is the source of libidinous impulses. The EGO develops throughout childhood, and mediates between the child and the outside (social) world. The superego develops later, and it represents the child’s internalization of the demands of the society in which it lives. The superego can further be subdivided into the ego ideal (the child’s concept of behaviour that its parents will approve) and the conscience (the child’s concept of behaviour that its parents will condemn). 西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（Sigmund Freud，1856.5.6－1939.9.23），犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精 神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的 根本原因。著有《性学三论》、《梦的释义》、《图腾与禁忌》、《日常生活的心理病理学》、《精神分析引论》、 《精神分析引论新编》等。 弗洛伊德是心理学史上的一个伟人，被称为二十世纪最伟大的三位犹太人之一。他是精神分析理论 的创始人，首次承认了非理性在人类生活当中的重要地位。心理结构理论、心理动力学说、心理防御机 制、人格发展理论等等都是弗洛伊德所提出的。 人格结构理论 人格结构的最基本的层次是本我（id），相当于他早期提出的潜意识。它处于心灵最底层， 是一种与生俱来的动物性的本能冲动，特别是性冲动。它是混乱的、毫无理性的，只知按照快 乐原则（pleasure principle）行事，盲目地追求满足。 中间一层是自我（ego），它是从本我中分化出来是受现实陶冶而渐识时务的一部分。自我 充当本我与外部世界的联络者与仲裁者，并且在超我的指导下监管本我的活动，它是一种能根 据周围环境的实际条件来调节本我和超我的矛盾、决定自己行为方式的意识，代表的就是通常 所说的理性或正确的判断。它按照“现实原则”行动，既要获得满足，又要避免痛苦。 最上面一层是超我（superego），即能进行自我批判和道德控制的理想化了的自我，它是儿 童在生长发育过程中社会尤其是父母给他的赏罚活动中形成的，换言之，是父母作为爱的角色 和纪律的角色的赏罚权威的内化。它主要包括两个方面：一方面是平常人们所说的良心，代表 着社会道德对个人的惩罚和规范作用，另一方面是理想自我，确定道德行为的标准。超我的主 要职责是指导自我以道德良心自居，去限制、压抑本我的本能冲动，而按至善原则活动