第一节 食品中的碳水化合物 ◼ 存在于所有的谷物、蔬菜、水果及可食植物中 ◼ 提供膳食热量 ◼ 提供质构、口感和甜味 ◼ 表达式Cx(H2O)y ◼ 包括单糖、低聚糖以及多糖 ◼ 最丰富的碳水化合物是纤维素 第二节 单糖 第三节 低聚糖 第四节 多糖 ◼ 超过20个单糖的聚合物为多糖 ◼ 单糖的个数称为聚合度（DP） ◼ 大多数多糖的DP为200-3000 ◼ 纤维素的DP最大，达7000-15000 ◼ 直链多糖，支链多糖 ◼ 均匀多糖，非均匀多糖（杂多糖） 第五节 淀粉 ◼ 不溶于水，冷水中少量水合 ◼ 低粘度浆料烧煮时，增稠 ◼ 直链淀粉和支链淀粉 ◼ 营养功能 ◼ 商业淀粉在食品工业中的应用 第六节 纤维素 第七节 果胶

第一节 引言 第二节 水和冰的物理性质 ◼ 高熔点（0℃）、高沸点（100℃） ◼ 介电常数高 ◼ 表面张力高 ◼ 热容和相转变热焓高 熔化焓、蒸发焓、升华焓 ◼ 密度低（1 g/cm3） ◼ 凝固时的异常膨胀率 ◼ 粘度正常（1 cPa·s） ◼ 水和冰的热导率和热扩散的比较 第三节 水分子 第四节 水分子的缔合 ◼ O-H键具有极性 ◼ 不对称的电荷分布 ◼ 偶极距 ◼ 分子间吸引力 ◼ 强烈的缔合倾向 ◼ 形成三维氢键 ◼ 四面体结构 ◼ 解释水的不寻常性质 氢键供体 氢键受体 第五节 冰的结构 ◼ 水分子通过四面体之间的作用力结晶 ◼ O-O核间最相邻距离为0.276nm ◼ O-O-O键角约109°(四面体角109°28′) ◼ 冰的六面体晶格结构 ◼ 在C轴是单折射，其它方向是双折射 ◼ 结晶对称性：六方晶系的六方形双锥体组 ◼ 溶质的种类和数量影响冰结晶的结构 第六节 水的结构 ◼ 水的结构模型 ➢混合式 ➢填隙式 ➢连续式 ◼ 液态水通过氢键而缔合 ◼ 氢键程度取决于温度 ◼ 冰转变为水时，密度净增加 第七节 水-溶质相互作用 第八节 水分活度和相对蒸汽压

第一节 食品化学的定义 第二节 食品化学的历史 第三节 食品化学在食品科学中的作用和地位 第四节 食品化学的研究方法

Contents Part 1 Refrigeration and meat quality 1 Microbiology of refrigerated meat 1.1 Factors affecting the refrigerated shelf-life of meat 1.1.1 Initial microbial levels 1.1.2 Temperature

342 Index bowl chopping 178, 179 and chilling 73-4 brittleness of frozen meat 180 and conditioning 74-5 bulk storage rooms 224 and freezing 76 and frozen storage 76-8 80-1 live animal factors 73 calpain-tenderness model 5

ad Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Abington Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd, NW Boca Raton fL 33431. US First published 2002, Woodhead Publishing Ltd and CRC Press LLC o The University of Bristol 2002 The authors have asserted their moral rights

Meat is chilled immediately after slaughter. Most of the subsequent opera- tions in the cold chain are designed to maintain the temperature of the meat Cooking is a very common operation in the production of many meat products and operators appreciate the importance of rapidly cooling the cooked product. However, any handling such as cutting, mixing or tumbling will add heat to the meat and increase its temperature. A secondary cooling

In specifying refrigeration equipment the function of the equipment must be absolutely clear. Refrigeration equipment is always used to control tem- perature. Either the meat passing through the process is to be maintained it its initial temperature, for example as in a refrigerated store or a packing operation, or the temperature of the meat is to be reduced, for example in a blast freezer. These two functions

It is often stated by those in the meat and refrigeration industries that 'anyone can measure a temperature. Many millions of measurements are made of both meat and environmental temperatures in the meat industry. However, in many cases the measurements made are an unreliable guide to the effectiveness of the refrigeration process. Even when the correct tem- peratures have been obtained the data are often poorly analysed and rarely acted upon

Thermophysical properties of meat In chilling, freezing, thawing and tempering processes heat has either to be introduced or to be extracted from the meat to change its temperature The rate at which heat can be removed or introduced into the surface of meat is essentially a function of the process being used, for example air blast, plate, immersion, and so on. However, the rate at which heat can flow from within the meat to its surface is a function of the thermophysical prop- erties of the meat. If we continue to