Food irradiation A Reference Guide Formerly Senior Research Scientist, Leatherhead Food RA, UK G W Gould BSc, MSc, PhD Formerly Senior Research Microbiologist, Unilever Research, UK WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED

Entries Main entries in bold type Additives Beetroot Adenovirus. see viruses Benzo(a)pyrene quinone flatoxin. see moulds Blackberry, see beries Blackcurrant see berries Itermaria, see Moulds

Entries by category Main headings JECFI Codes of practice Codex Alimentarius, see Codes of practice Legislation Combination treatment Market trials Micro-organisms -relative resistances

Contents Part 1 Refrigeration and meat quality 1 Microbiology of refrigerated meat 1.1 Factors affecting the refrigerated shelf-life of meat 1.1.1 Initial microbial levels 1.1.2 Temperature

342 Index bowl chopping 178, 179 and chilling 73-4 brittleness of frozen meat 180 and conditioning 74-5 bulk storage rooms 224 and freezing 76 and frozen storage 76-8 80-1 live animal factors 73 calpain-tenderness model 5

ad Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Abington Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd, NW Boca Raton fL 33431. US First published 2002, Woodhead Publishing Ltd and CRC Press LLC o The University of Bristol 2002 The authors have asserted their moral rights

Meat is chilled immediately after slaughter. Most of the subsequent opera- tions in the cold chain are designed to maintain the temperature of the meat Cooking is a very common operation in the production of many meat products and operators appreciate the importance of rapidly cooling the cooked product. However, any handling such as cutting, mixing or tumbling will add heat to the meat and increase its temperature. A secondary cooling

In specifying refrigeration equipment the function of the equipment must be absolutely clear. Refrigeration equipment is always used to control tem- perature. Either the meat passing through the process is to be maintained it its initial temperature, for example as in a refrigerated store or a packing operation, or the temperature of the meat is to be reduced, for example in a blast freezer. These two functions

It is often stated by those in the meat and refrigeration industries that 'anyone can measure a temperature. Many millions of measurements are made of both meat and environmental temperatures in the meat industry. However, in many cases the measurements made are an unreliable guide to the effectiveness of the refrigeration process. Even when the correct tem- peratures have been obtained the data are often poorly analysed and rarely acted upon

Thermophysical properties of meat In chilling, freezing, thawing and tempering processes heat has either to be introduced or to be extracted from the meat to change its temperature The rate at which heat can be removed or introduced into the surface of meat is essentially a function of the process being used, for example air blast, plate, immersion, and so on. However, the rate at which heat can flow from within the meat to its surface is a function of the thermophysical prop- erties of the meat. If we continue to