Encephalitis and Meningitis: Pathogens, Pathogenesis or Microorganisms that can be spread via the bloodstream. Pathogenesis Prevention Steven Zhang 10301016055 Zara kim10301016062 North10301016042 Cathy Yu10301016071 Tony Guo10301016034
Encephalitis and Meningitis: Pathogens, Pathogenesis or Symptoms Microorganisms that can be spread via the bloodstream. Pathogenesis & Prevention Steven Zhang Zara kim North Cathy Yu 10301016055 10301016062 10301016042 10301016071 Tony Guo10301016034
Encephalitis Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain 7. 4 cases per 100, 000 population in Western countries, 6. 34 per 100, 000 population and tropical countries per year. Common symptoms include headache, fever, confusion, drowsiness, and fatigue with more serious symptoms ranging from seizures/convulsions tremors, hallucinations, and memory problems. Several common causes of encephalitis are the Japanese encephalitis virus, the West Nile virus and cryptococcus neoformans
Encephalitis Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain. 7.4 cases per 100,000 population in Western countries, 6.34 per 100,000 population and tropical countries per year. Common symptoms include headache, fever, confusion, drowsiness, and fatigue with more serious symptoms ranging from seizures/convulsions, tremors, hallucinations, and memory problems. Several common causes of encephalitis are the Japanese encephalitis virus, the West Nile Virus, and Cryptococcus neoformans. • • • •
Meningitis Meningtitis is inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and the spinal cord (meninges Bacterial infections occur in 3 people per 100, 000 and 10.9 per 100, 000 for viral infections in Western countries More common in places where people live together for th e first time Typical symptoms consist of nuchal rigidity, sudden hig h fever, and altered mental status. Streptococcus pneumonia, Neisseria meningitides, and LCMV are common microbes that lead to meningitis
Meningitis Meningtitis is inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and the spinal cord (meninges) Bacterial infections occur in 3 people per 100,000 and 10.9 per 100,000 for viral infections in Western countries. More common in places where people live together for th e first time. Typical symptoms consist of nuchal rigidity, sudden hig h fever, and altered mental status. Streptococcus pneumonia, Neisseria meningitides, and LCMV are common microbes that lead to meningitis. • • • • •
Japanese encephalitis virus Mosquito-borne, incubation period of 5 to 15 days, but only 1 in 25 0 infections develop into encephalitis Signs which develop during the acute encephalitic stage include neck rigidity, cachexia, hemiparesis, convulsions and a raised bod temperature between 38 and 41 degrees Celsius Generally much higher in children. Transplacental spread has been n oted. Lifelong neurological defects such as deafness, emotional abi lity and hemiparesismay occur in those who have had central nervous system involvement Increased microglial (immune cells of the CNS) activation follows J kin-infection, Activated microglia secrete cytokines, such as interleu 1(IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tNF-a), which can cause toxic ef fects in he brain, as well as neurotoxins, excitatory neurotransmitters prostaglandin, reactive oxygen, and nitrogen species In a nonregenerating organ such as brain, a dysregulated innate imm une response would be deleterious
Japanese Encephalitis Virus Mosquito-borne, incubation period of 5 to 15 days, but only 1 in 25 0 infections develop into encephalitis Signs which develop during the acute encephalitic stage include neck rigidity, cachexia, hemiparesis, convulsions and a raised bod y temperature between 38 and 41 degrees Celsius Generally much higher in children. Transplacental spread has been n oted. Lifelong neurological defects such as deafness, emotional abi lity and hemiparesismay occur in those who have had central nervous system involvement Increased microglial (immune cells of the CNS) activation follows J EV infection, Activated microglia secrete cytokines, such as interleu kin-1(IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which can cause toxic ef fects in the brain, as well as neurotoxins, excitatory neurotransmitters, prostaglandin, reactive oxygen, and nitrogen species In a nonregenerating organ such as brain, a dysregulated innate imm une response would be deleterious. • • • • •
West nile virus Incubation period is usually between 2 to 15 days Mosquitoes which are the prime vector, with birds being the most commonly infected animal and serving as the prime reser voir host. Also found in found in various species of ticks, mamm reptiles, and amphibians Not all susceptible hosts develop sufficient levels to trans mit the disease to uninfected mosquitos 80% of West nile virus infections in humans are subclinical causing no symp toms Most common symptom is the west nile fever but 1% of the cases result in neurological disease, such as west nile enc cephalitis Similar symptoms to other viral encephalitis with fever, hea daches, and altered mental status. however, there is also m muscular d weakness(30-50%), with lower motor neuron symptoms, flacci
West Nile Virus Incubation period is usually between 2 to 15 days Mosquitoes which are the prime vector, with birds being the most commonly infected animal and serving as the prime reser voir host. Also found in found in various species of ticks, mamm als, reptiles, and amphibians Not all susceptible hosts develop sufficient levels to trans mit the disease to uninfected mosquitos 80% of West Nile virus infections in humans are subclinical, causing no symptoms Most common symptom is the west nile fever, but 1% of the cases result in neurological disease, such as west nile enc ephalitis Similar symptoms to other viral encephalitis with fever, hea daches, and altered mental status, however, there is also m uscular weakness (30-50%), with lower motor neuron symptoms, flacci d • • • • • •