Functional Groups Functional Groups with a Carbon-Oxygen Double Bond (Carbonyl Groups) Present in organic compounds and in biological molecules 。 Aldehydes Ketones 。 Carboxylic acids Esters Thioesters Aldehyde Ketone Carboxylic acid Ester Amides Acid chlorides Cs-C Thioester Amide Acid chloride
Functional Groups with a Carbon-Oxygen Double Bond (Carbonyl Groups) Present in organic compounds and in biological molecules • Aldehydes • Ketones • Carboxylic acids • Esters • Thioesters • Amides • Acid chlorides Functional Groups
3-2 Alkanes and Alkane Isomers Alkanes are the simplest family of molecules Alkane A compound of carbon and hydrogen that contains only carbon- carbon single bonds from the o-overlap of sp3 hybrid orbitals General formula C,H2n+2 where n is an integer H HH HHH HHHH H-C-H H-C-C-H H-C-C-C-H H-C-C-C-C-H ..and so on H HH HHH HHHH Methane Ethane Propane Butane
Alkanes are the simplest family of molecules Alkane ▪ A compound of carbon and hydrogen that contains only carboncarbon single bonds from the s-overlap of sp3 hybrid orbitals ▪ General formula ▪ CnH2n+2 where n is an integer 3-2 Alkanes and Alkane Isomers
Alkanes and Alkane Isomers Alkanes often described as saturated hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons Contain only carbon and hydrogen -Saturated Contain maximum possible number of hydrogens per carbon and have only C-C and C-H single bonds Alkanes occasionally referred to as aliphatic compounds,a name derived from the Greek word aleiphas,meaning "fat" CH2OCCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CHOCCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2OCCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 A typical animal fat
Alkanes often described as saturated hydrocarbons ▪ Hydrocarbons ▪ Contain only carbon and hydrogen ▪ Saturated ▪ Contain maximum possible number of hydrogens per carbon and have only C-C and C-H single bonds Alkanes occasionally referred to as aliphatic compounds, a name derived from the Greek word aleiphas, meaning “fat” Alkanes and Alkane Isomers
Alkanes and Alkane Isomers Structures of representative alkanes CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3 Methane,CHa Ethane,C2H6 Propane,CaHg CH3 CHgCH2CH2CH3 CH2CHCH3 Butane,C4Hto Isobutane,C4H10 (2-methylpropane CH CH3 CHaCCH3 CHgCH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CHCH3 CH3 Pentane,CsH12 2-Methylbutane,CsH12 2.2-Dimethylpropane,CsH12
▪ Structures of representative alkanes Alkanes and Alkane Isomers
Alkanes and Alkane Isomers Straight-chain alkanes or normal alkanes Alkanes whose carbon atoms are connected without branching CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3 Methane,CH4 Ethane,C2H6 Propane,C3H8 Branched-chain alkanes Alkanes that contain a branching connection of carbons as opposed to a straight-chain alkane CH3 CH3 CH3CHCH3 CH3CH2CHCH3 Isobutane,C4H10 2-Methylbutane,C5H12 (2-methylpropane)
Straight-chain alkanes or normal alkanes ▪ Alkanes whose carbon atoms are connected without branching Branched-chain alkanes ▪ Alkanes that contain a branching connection of carbons as opposed to a straight-chain alkane Alkanes and Alkane Isomers