Blood Testing Procedures 胰岛素和C肽 ·评价胰岛细胞功能,指导治疗。 临床常用的评价胰岛B细胞分泌功能的方法 ·C肽不受外源胰岛素影响,注射胰岛素患者更有意义。 ·基础状态 ·不能作为诊断糖尿病依据。 空腹胰岛素及C肽浓度,空腹时:我岛素原/胰岛索比值 胰岛素分笼指数(HOMA一B) Breakfast Lunch Dinner 100 ,负荷后 Normal insulin response to meals Basal insulin 75 ·葡萄被刺微 餐后2小时肤岛素或C肽 尚暂钳夹试验.静脉葡,耐量试验I下GTT).OT或标准褪头餐 am 11am 1 pm 3pm 5pm 200 (p/w)e 150 al glucose response to meals Basal glucose ·非糖刺激 100 高血轴素C肽刺微试验 50 精氨酸刺微试验 11 am 1 pm 3pm 7 pm 9 pm Time
Blood Testing Procedures • 评价胰岛β细胞功能,指导治疗。 • C肽不受外源胰岛素影响,注射胰岛素患者更有意义。 • 不能作为诊断糖尿病依据。 胰岛素和C肽
Blood Testing Procedures 个 Autoantibodies ·Insulin autoantibody(IAA)胰岛素自身抗体 ·Glutamic acid decarboxylase(GAD)谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体 ·Islet cell antibody(ICA)胰岛细胞抗体
• Insulin autoantibody (IAA) 胰岛素自身抗体 • Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体 • Islet cell antibody (ICA) 胰岛细胞抗体 Blood Testing Procedures Autoantibodies
Characteristics of TiDM and T2DM Type 1 Type 2 Age of onset Younger:peak incidence in late Older:incidence increase progressively 发病年龄 teenage with age Body Shape lean Obese 体型 Clinical symptom Serious Light 临床症状 DKA tendency Yes No 酮症酸中毒倾向 Blood plasm insulin Deficiency Normal or Hyperinsulinism 血浆胰岛素 Immune markers anti-GAD,ICA.IA-2 No 免疫标志物 Treatment Absolute dependence on insulin Treatable initially with diet or tablets 治疗 therapy Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus Characteristics of T1DM and T2DM Type 1 Type 2 Age of onset 发病年龄 Younger: peak incidence in late teenage Older: incidence increase progressively with age Body Shape 体 型 lean Obese Clinical symptom 临床症状 Serious Light DKA tendency 酮症酸中毒倾向 Yes No Blood plasm insulin 血浆胰岛素 Deficiency Normal or Hyperinsulinism Immune markers 免疫标志物 anti-GAD,ICA,IA-2 No Treatment 治 疗 Absolute dependence on insulin therapy Treatable initially with diet or tablets
Classification of Diabetes(1997.ADA) Ill.Other specific types(8个类型数十种疾病) A.genetic defects of B-cell function(B细胞功能遗传缺陷) ·MODY=maturity-onset diabetes of the young(青年人中的成年发病型糖尿病)6个亚型,调节胰岛素基因表 达的转录因子变异。 ·Mitochondrial DNA(线粒体基因突变糖尿病) B.Genetic defects in insulin action(胰岛素作用遗传缺陷) ·Type A insulin resistance(A型胰岛素抵抗) ·Leprechaunism(矮妖精貌综合征) Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome Lipoatrophic disease(脂防萎缩性糖尿病) C.Diseases of the exocrine pancreas(胰腺外分泌疾病) Pancreatitis(胰腺炎),pancreatectomy(胰腺切除术),Cystic fibrosis(囊性纤维化),Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy(纤维钙化性胰腺病)Hemochromatosis(血色病)
A. genetic defects of β -cell function (β 细胞功能遗传缺陷) • MODY=maturity-onset diabetes of the young(青年人中的成年发病型糖尿病)6个亚型,调节胰岛素基因表 达的转录因子变异。 • Mitochondrial DNA(线粒体基因突变糖尿病) B. Genetic defects in insulin action (胰岛素作用遗传缺陷) • Type A insulin resistance(A型胰岛素抵抗) • Leprechaunism(矮妖精貌综合征) • Rabson- Mendenhall syndrome • Lipoatrophic disease(脂肪萎缩性糖尿病) C. Diseases of the exocrine pancreas (胰腺外分泌疾病) Pancreatitis(胰腺炎), pancreatectomy(胰腺切除术),Cystic fibrosis(囊性纤维化),Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy(纤维钙化性胰腺病)Hemochromatosis(血色病) III.Other specific types(8个类型数十种疾病) Classification of Diabetes (1997.ADA)
Classification of Diabetes(1997.ADA) lll.Other specific types D.Endocrinopathies(内分泌病) Acromegaly(肢端肥大症),Cushing's syndrome(柯兴氏综合征),Glucagonoma( 胰高血糖素瘤),Pheochromocytoma(嗜铬细胞瘤),Hyperthyroidism(甲亢), Somatostatinoma(生长抑素瘤),Aldosteronoma(醛固酮瘤) E.Drug-or chemical-induced(药物或化学物质导致) F.Infections(感染) G.Uncommon forms of immune-mediated diabetes(不常见的免疫介导糖尿病) H.Other genetic syndromes sometimes associated with diabetes (其他遗传综合症)
D. Endocrinopathies(内分泌病) Acromegaly(肢端肥大症), Cushing’s syndrome(柯兴氏综合征),Glucagonoma( 胰高血糖素瘤),Pheochromocytoma(嗜铬细胞瘤), Hyperthyroidism(甲亢), Somatostatinoma(生长抑素瘤),Aldosteronoma(醛固酮瘤) E. Drug- or chemical-induced(药物或化学物质导致) F. Infections(感染) G. Uncommon forms of immune- mediated diabetes(不常见的免疫介导糖尿病) H. Other genetic syndromes sometimes associated with diabetes (其他遗传综合症) III.Other specific types Classification of Diabetes (1997.ADA)