O Cellular Mechanism of aldosterone action 950 Calcium in the Plasma and Interstitial Possible Nongenomic Actions of Fluid 978 Aldosterone and other Steroid Hormones 950 norganic Phosphate in the Extracellular Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion 979 Functions of the Glucocorticoids 950 Non-Bone Physiologic Effects of Altered Effects of Cortisol on Carbohydrate alcium and Phosphate Concentrations in the Body Fluids 979 Effects of Cortisol on protein metabolism 952 Absorption and Excretion of Calcium and Effects of Cortisol on Fat Metabolism 952 Cortisol Is Important in Resisting Stress Bone and its relation to extracellular and Inflammation Calcium and Phosphate Other Effects of cortisol 954 Precipitation and Absorption of Calcium Cellular Mechanism of Cortisol action 954 and Phosphate in Bone-Equilibriur Regulation of Cortisol Secretion by with the Extracellular Fluids Adrenocorticotropic Hormone from the Calcium Exchange Between Bone and Pituitary Gland 955 Extracellular Fluid Adrenal Androg ens Deposition and Absorption of Bone- Abnormalities of adrenocortical Remodeling of Bone Vitamin D o83 Hy poadrenalism-Addison's Disease 957 Actions of vitamin d Hy peradrenalism-Cushing's Syndrome Primary Aldosteronism(Conn's Syndrome) 959 Effect of Parathyroid Hormone on Calcium Adrenogenital Syndrome 959 and Phosphate Concentrations in the xtracellular Flui 986 CHAPTER 7 8 Control of Parathyroid Secretion by Calcium lon Concentration Insulin, Glucagon, and Diabetes Calcitonin Mellitus 961 Summary of Control of Calcium lon Insulin and its Metabolic effects Concentration 989 Effect of Insulin on Carbohydrate Pathophysiology of Parathyroid Metabolism 963 ne vitamin Effect of insulin on Fat metabolism Effect of insulin on protein metabolism Primary Hyperparathy roidism 990 nd on growth Secondary Parathyroidism Mechanisms of insulin secretion Control of insulin secretion Osteoporosis-Decreased Bone Matrix Other Factors That Stimulate Insulin Physiology of the Teeth Function of the different parts of the Role of Insulin(and Other Hormones) in 992 Switching"Between Carbohydrate and Dentition Lipid Metabolism Mineral Exchange in Teeth 993 lucagon and Its Functions 970 Dental Abnormalities Effects on Glucose Metabolism 970 Regulation of Glucagon Secretion 97 ChAPter 80 Somatostatin Inhibits Glucagon and Reproductive and hormonal Insulin secretion Functions of the Male (and Function Summary of Blood Glucose Regulation of the Pineal gland) 996 Diabetes Mellitus 972 Physiologic Anatomy of the Male Type I Diabetes-Lack of Insulin Production Sexual Organs by Beta Cells of the Pancreas 972 Type ll Diabetes-Resistance to th Steps of Spermatogenesis Metabolic effects of insulin Function of the seminal Vesicles hysiology of Diagnosis of Diabetes Function of the prostate gland Mellitus 975 Semen Treatment of Diabetes 976 Male sexual Act 1001 976 Abnormal Spermatogenesis and Male CHAPTER 79 Neuronal Stimulus for Performance of the Male Sexual Act Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin Stages of the Male Sexual Act Calcium and Phosphate Testosterone and other male sex Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone, Hormone 003 nd teeth Secretion, Metabolism, and Chemistry of 978 the male sex hormone Overview of Calcium and Phospl Functions of testosterone 004 Regulation in the Extracellula d Basic Intracellular Mechanism of action of and plasma Testosterone
Table of Contents xxxiii Calcium in the Plasma and Interstitial Fluid 978 Inorganic Phosphate in the Extracellular Fluids 979 Non-Bone Physiologic Effects of Altered Calcium and Phosphate Concentrations in the Body Fluids 979 Absorption and Excretion of Calcium and Phosphate 980 Bone and Its Relation to Extracellular Calcium and Phosphate 980 Precipitation and Absorption of Calcium and Phosphate in Bone—Equilibrium with the Extracellular Fluids 981 Calcium Exchange Between Bone and Extracellular Fluid 982 Deposition and Absorption of Bone— Remodeling of Bone 982 Vitamin D 983 Actions of Vitamin D 985 Parathyroid Hormone 985 Effect of Parathyroid Hormone on Calcium and Phosphate Concentrations in the Extracellular Fluid 986 Control of Parathyroid Secretion by Calcium Ion Concentration 988 Calcitonin 988 Summary of Control of Calcium Ion Concentration 989 Pathophysiology of Parathyroid Hormone, Vitamin D, and Bone Disease 990 Primary Hyperparathyroidism 990 Secondary Parathyroidism 991 Rickets—Vitamin D Deficiency 991 Osteoporosis—Decreased Bone Matrix 991 Physiology of the Teeth 992 Function of the Different Parts of the Teeth 992 Dentition 993 Mineral Exchange in Teeth 993 Dental Abnormalities 994 CHAPTER 80 Reproductive and Hormonal Functions of the Male (and Function of the Pineal Gland) 996 Physiologic Anatomy of the Male Sexual Organs 996 Spermatogenesis 996 Steps of Spermatogenesis 996 Function of the Seminal Vesicles 999 Function of the Prostate Gland 999 Semen 999 Male Sexual Act 1001 Abnormal Spermatogenesis and Male Fertility 1001 Neuronal Stimulus for Performance of the Male Sexual Act 1001 Stages of the Male Sexual Act 1002 Testosterone and Other Male Sex Hormones 1003 Secretion, Metabolism, and Chemistry of the Male Sex Hormone 1003 Functions of Testosterone 1004 Basic Intracellular Mechanism of Action of Testosterone 1006 Cellular Mechanism of Aldosterone Action 950 Possible Nongenomic Actions of Aldosterone and Other Steroid Hormones 950 Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion 950 Functions of the Glucocorticoids 950 Effects of Cortisol on Carbohydrate Metabolism 951 Effects of Cortisol on Protein Metabolism 952 Effects of Cortisol on Fat Metabolism 952 Cortisol Is Important in Resisting Stress and Inflammation 952 Other Effects of Cortisol 954 Cellular Mechanism of Cortisol Action 954 Regulation of Cortisol Secretion by Adrenocorticotropic Hormone from the Pituitary Gland 955 Adrenal Androgens 957 Abnormalities of Adrenocortical Secretion 957 Hypoadrenalism-Addison’s Disease 957 Hyperadrenalism-Cushing’s Syndrome 958 Primary Aldosteronism (Conn’s Syndrome) 959 Adrenogenital Syndrome 959 CHAPTER 78 Insulin, Glucagon, and Diabetes Mellitus 961 Insulin and Its Metabolic Effects 961 Effect of Insulin on Carbohydrate Metabolism 963 Effect of Insulin on Fat Metabolism 965 Effect of Insulin on Protein Metabolism and on Growth 966 Mechanisms of Insulin Secretion 967 Control of Insulin Secretion 968 Other Factors That Stimulate Insulin Secretion 969 Role of Insulin (and Other Hormones) in “Switching” Between Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism 969 Glucagon and Its Functions 970 Effects on Glucose Metabolism 970 Regulation of Glucagon Secretion 971 Somatostatin Inhibits Glucagon and Insulin Secretion 971 Summary of Blood Glucose Regulation 971 Diabetes Mellitus 972 Type I Diabetes—Lack of Insulin Production by Beta Cells of the Pancreas 972 Type II Diabetes—Resistance to the Metabolic Effects of Insulin 974 Physiology of Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus 975 Treatment of Diabetes 976 Insulinoma—Hyperinsulinism 976 CHAPTER 79 Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone, and Teeth 978 Overview of Calcium and Phosphate Regulation in the Extracellular Fluid and Plasma 978
Table of Contents Control of Male Sexual Functions by Response of the Mothers Body to Hormones from the Hypothalamus and Pregnancy Anterior Pituitary Gland 006 Changes in the Maternal Circulatory system 1034 Abnormalities of Male sexual Function 1008 During Pregnancy 1035 Prostate Gland and Its abnormalities 00 Parturition Hypogonadism in the Male l008 Increased Uterine Excitability Near Term Testicular Tumors and Hy pergonadism in Onset of labor -A Positive Feed back the male l009 Mechanism for Its Initiation 1037 Pineal Gland-Its Function in Controlling Abdominal Muscle Contractions During Seasonal Fertility in Some Animals l009 1037 Mechanics of Parturition ChAPter 81 Separation and Delivery of the Placenta 1038 1038 Female Physiology Before Pregnancy Involution of the uterus After Parturition 1038 and Female hormones Lactation 1038 Physiologic Anatomy of the Female Development of the Breasts Sexual Organs nitiation of Lactation-Function of Female Hormonal System 10lI Prolactin 1039 Monthly Ovarian Cycle; Function of the jection(or"Let-Down")Process in Milk Gonadotropic Hormones l012 Secretion-Function of Oxytocin 1040 Gonadotropic Hormones and Their Effects Milk Composition and the metabolic drain on the ovaries 012 on the Mother Caused by Lactation 104 Ovarian Follicle growth-the "Follicular" Phase of the Ovarian Cycle 1013 CHAPTER 83 Corpus Luteum-Luteal"Phase of the Ovarian Cycle 101 Fetal and Neonatal Physiology 1042 Summary 10l. Growth and Functional Development Functions of the ovarian hormones- of the Fetu 1042 Estradiol and Progesterone l016 Development of the Organ Systems 1042 Chemistry of the Sex Hormones 0l6 Adjustments of the Infant to Functions of the Estrogens-Their Effects Extrauterine Life 1044 on the Primary and Secondary Female Sex Onset of Breathing 1044 Characteristics Circulatory Readjustments at Birth 1045 Functions of Progesterone 0l8 Nutrition of the neonate 1047 Monthly Endometrial Cycle and Menstruation 1018 Special Functional Problems in the Regulation of the Female Monthly 1047 Rhythm-Interplay Between the Respiratory System 047 Ovarian and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Circulation 1047 Hormones 019 Fluid Balance. Acid-Base Balance, and Feedback Oscillation of the Hypothalamic Renal Function 1048 Pituitary-Ovarian System 02l Liver Function 048 Puberty and Menarche 02l Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism menopause of Energy Foods; and Nutrition 048 Abnormalities of secretion by the 1049 Ovaries 1023 Endocrine problems 049 Female Sexual Act 1023 Special Problems of Prematurity Female fertilit l024 Immature Developme the Prematur 1050 CHAPTEr 8 2 Instability of the Homeostatic Control Systems in the Premature Infant Pregnancy and lactation Danger of Blindness Caused by Excess Maturation and Fertilization of the ovum 102 Oxygen Therapy in the Premature Infant 1051 Transport of the Fertilized Ovum in the Growth and Development of the child 1051 Fallopian Tube 028 Behavioral growth 1052 Implantation of the blastocyst in the Uterus 1029 Early Nutrition of the Embryo 1029 Function of the placenta 1029 UNITX V Developmental and Physiologic Anatomy of the placenta 1029 Sports Physiology Hormonal Factors in Pregnancy 103l Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Its Effect to Cause persistence of the Corpus Luteum and to Prevent CHAPTER 84 menstruation 1032 Sports Phy do 1055 Secretion of Estrogens by the Placenta 1032 Muscles in Exercise 1055 Secretion of Progesterone by the Placenta 1033 Strength, Power, and Endurance of Muscles 1055 Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin 1033 Muscle Metabolic Systems in Exercise 1056 Other Hormonal Factors in Pregnancy 1034 Phosphocreatine-Creatine System 1057
xxxiv Table of Contents Control of Male Sexual Functions by Hormones from the Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary Gland 1006 Abnormalities of Male Sexual Function 1008 Prostate Gland and Its Abnormalities 1008 Hypogonadism in the Male 1008 Testicular Tumors and Hypergonadism in the Male 1009 Pineal Gland—Its Function in Controlling Seasonal Fertility in Some Animals 1009 CHAPTER 81 Female Physiology Before Pregnancy and Female Hormones 1011 Physiologic Anatomy of the Female Sexual Organs 1011 Female Hormonal System 1011 Monthly Ovarian Cycle; Function of the Gonadotropic Hormones 1012 Gonadotropic Hormones and Their Effects on the Ovaries 1012 Ovarian Follicle Growth—The “Follicular” Phase of the Ovarian Cycle 1013 Corpus Luteum—“Luteal” Phase of the Ovarian Cycle 1014 Summary 1015 Functions of the Ovarian Hormones— Estradiol and Progesterone 1016 Chemistry of the Sex Hormones 1016 Functions of the Estrogens—Their Effects on the Primary and Secondary Female Sex Characteristics 1017 Functions of Progesterone 1018 Monthly Endometrial Cycle and Menstruation 1018 Regulation of the Female Monthly Rhythm—Interplay Between the Ovarian and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Hormones 1019 Feedback Oscillation of the HypothalamicPituitary-Ovarian System 1021 Puberty and Menarche 1021 Menopause 1022 Abnormalities of Secretion by the Ovaries 1023 Female Sexual Act 1023 Female Fertility 1024 CHAPTER 82 Pregnancy and Lactation 1027 Maturation and Fertilization of the Ovum 1027 Transport of the Fertilized Ovum in the Fallopian Tube 1028 Implantation of the Blastocyst in the Uterus 1029 Early Nutrition of the Embryo 1029 Function of the Placenta 1029 Developmental and Physiologic Anatomy of the Placenta 1029 Hormonal Factors in Pregnancy 1031 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Its Effect to Cause Persistence of the Corpus Luteum and to Prevent Menstruation 1032 Secretion of Estrogens by the Placenta 1032 Secretion of Progesterone by the Placenta 1033 Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin 1033 Other Hormonal Factors in Pregnancy 1034 Response of the Mother’s Body to Pregnancy 1034 Changes in the Maternal Circulatory System During Pregnancy 1035 Parturition 1036 Increased Uterine Excitability Near Term 1036 Onset of Labor—A Positive Feedback Mechanism for Its Initiation 1037 Abdominal Muscle Contractions During Labor 1037 Mechanics of Parturition 1037 Separation and Delivery of the Placenta 1038 Labor Pains 1038 Involution of the Uterus After Parturition 1038 Lactation 1038 Development of the Breasts 1038 Initiation of Lactation—Function of Prolactin 1039 Ejection (or “Let-Down”) Process in Milk Secretion—Function of Oxytocin 1040 Milk Composition and the Metabolic Drain on the Mother Caused by Lactation 1041 CHAPTER 83 Fetal and Neonatal Physiology 1042 Growth and Functional Development of the Fetus 1042 Development of the Organ Systems 1042 Adjustments of the Infant to Extrauterine Life 1044 Onset of Breathing 1044 Circulatory Readjustments at Birth 1045 Nutrition of the Neonate 1047 Special Functional Problems in the Neonate 1047 Respiratory System 1047 Circulation 1047 Fluid Balance, Acid-Base Balance, and Renal Function 1048 Liver Function 1048 Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism of Energy Foods; and Nutrition 1048 Immunity 1049 Endocrine Problems 1049 Special Problems of Prematurity 1050 Immature Development of the Premature Infant 1050 Instability of the Homeostatic Control Systems in the Premature Infant 1050 Danger of Blindness Caused by Excess Oxygen Therapy in the Premature Infant 1051 Growth and Development of the Child 1051 Behavioral Growth 1052 UNIT XV Sports Physiology CHAPTER 84 Sports Physiology 1055 Muscles in Exercise 1055 Strength, Power, and Endurance of Muscles 1055 Muscle Metabolic Systems in Exercise 1056 Phosphocreatine-Creatine System 1057
Table of c xxxy Nutrients Used During Muscle Activity l059 B ds and salt in Exercise 1065 Effect of Athletic Training on Muscles and Athletes 1065 Muscle performance l06 Life 06 Respiration in Exercise 106l Cardiovascular System in Exercise 106 Body Heat in Exercise 1065 Index 067
Table of Contents xxxv Body Fluids and Salt in Exercise 1065 Drugs and Athletes 1065 Body Fitness Prolongs Life 1066 Index 1067 Nutrients Used During Muscle Activity 1059 Effect of Athletic Training on Muscles and Muscle Performance 1060 Respiration in Exercise 1061 Cardiovascular System in Exercise 1062 Body Heat in Exercise 1065
NI T Introduction to Physiology The Cell and General Physiology 1. Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the"Internal Environment 2. The cell and its functions 3. Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction
UNIT I Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology 1. Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment” 2. The Cell and Its Functions 3. Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction
