Genetics:The science of heredityOne biological discipline studying the rules governing thefrequency of appearance of alternative traits in differentgenerations.The study of biological information.How organisms store,replicate,and transmit biologicalinformation to the next generation?Howthey use it duringtheir lifetime?1-6
1-6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display The science of heredity . One biological discipline studying the rules governing the One biological discipline studying the rules governing the frequency of appearance of al frequency of appearance of alternative traits in different ternative traits in different generations. generations. The study of biological information . How organisms store, replicate, and transmit biological information to the next generation? How they use it during their lifetime? Genetics:
ThedevelopmentofgeneticsDNAshowntocarry genetic information.Watson-CrickmodelofDNAChromosometheoryofRecombinantDNAtechnologydeveloped.DNA cloninginheritanceproposed.ApplicationofMendel'sbeginsTransmissiongeneticsworkpublishedgenomics beginsevolved1860s1870s1880s1890s1900s1910s1920s1930s1940s1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000sMendel'sworkEraofmoleculargenetics.Genomicsbegins.rediscovered,correlatedGeneexpression,regulationHumanGenomeProjectwithchromosomebehaviorunderstoodinitiatedinmeiosis1-7
1-7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display The development of genetics
Theaims ofgeneticstudiesToidentifygenes.To learn how genes determine particular traits.To understand how genes work together to create a cell and anindividualorganism1-8
1-8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display To identify genes. To learn how genes determine particular traits. To understand how genes work together to create a cell and an individual organism. The aims of genetic studies:
Seven recurring themes in this course:1The biologicalinformation fundamental to life is encoded inDNA.2.Biological function emerges primarily from proteins3.All living forms are descended from a commonancestorandare closely related at the molecular level.4The modular construction of genomes has allowed rapidevolution ofbiological complexity.5.Genetic techniques permit dissection of biological complexity.6.Our focus is on human genetics and the application of geneticdiscoveries tohuman problems.1-9
1-9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display Seven recurring themes in this course: 1. The biological information fundamental to life is encoded in The biological information fundamental to life is encoded in DNA. 2. Biological function emerges primarily from proteins. Biological function emerges primarily from proteins. 3. All living forms are descended from a common ancestor and All living forms are descended from a common ancestor and are closely related at the molecular level. are closely related at the molecular level. 4. The modular construction of genomes has allowed rapid The modular construction of genomes has allowed rapid evolution of biological complexity. evolution of biological complexity. 5. Genetic techniques permit dissection of biological complexity. Genetic techniques permit dissection of biological complexity. 6. Our focus is on human genetics and the application of genetic Our focus is on human genetics and the application of genetic discoveries to human problems. discoveries to human problems
1.1 DNA: The fundamental-Nucleotideinformation molecule of lifeThe biologicalinformationfundamentaltolifeis encoded inDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)Four bases-G(guanine),A(adenine), T (thymine), and CPolymer(cytosine)inDNADeoxyribosesugarNitrogenous BasePhosphatePhosphodiesterbonds-Nucleotide
1-10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display 1.1 DNA: The fundamental 1.1 DNA: The fundamental information molecule of life information molecule of life The biological information The biological information fundamental to life is encoded in fundamental to life is encoded in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid). Four bases Four bases – G (guanine), (guanine), A (adenine), (adenine), T (thymine), and (thymine), and C (cytosine) in DNA. (cytosine) in DNA. Nitrogenous Base