(4）缺货成本：Shortage(Stock-Out)costsloss of good will or reputation (hard to quantify)Units?What doesit contain？失去销售额、延期罚款How do we determine this number?Whenisit relevant?16
（4）缺货成本: Shortage (Stock-Out) costs loss of good will or reputation (hard to quantify) • Units? • What does it contain? 失去销售额、延期罚款 • How do we determine this number? • When is it relevant? 16
(N2)第二节确定性库存模型库存模型一一库存量、储存时间、储存的品种的确定在满足生产需要和销售需求的前提下，降低库存量一、认识库存模型Dimensionsofinventorymodels二、经济订货批量模型EOQ(EconomicOrderQuantity）三、价格折扣模型四、多产品联合订货批量模型17
（N2） 第二节 确定性库存模型 库存模型 ——库存量、储存时间、储存的品种的确定. 在满足生产需要和销售需求的前提下，降低库存量。 一、认识库存模型 Dimensions of inventory models 二、经济订货批量模型EOQ(Economic Order Quantity) 三、价格折扣模型 四、多产品联合订货批量模型 17
、Dimensions of inventory modelsProducts?o single product vs.multiple productsoperishable or durableDecision variableswhen and how much to orderOpricingOproduction and/or delivery schedulecapacityexpansionOsetupreductionOquality improvementODecision making structureOo single decision maker vs.multiple decisionmakersTimeOo single period,finite horizon,infinite horizonodeterministicor stochastio18
一、Dimensions of inventory models 18
Dimensions of inventory modelsObjective functiono costs (average or discounted): order/production,inventory holding and shortageo Profito risk-neutral vs.risk averseo Physical systemo single location vs. multiple locationso single stagevs.multiple stageso Information structureo continuous review vs.periodic reviewo inexact stock levelResource constraintso limited capacity19
Dimensions of inventory models 19
Dimensions of inventory modelso Supplyo Controllable: when and how much to ordero Supply contractso Imperfect qualityo Limited capacityo Lead timeo Demando Exogenous:deterministic (constant ortimedependent), stochastico Endogenous: pricing model20
Dimensions of inventory models 20