Chapter 24.Stomach and Duodenum Diseases
Chapter 24. Stomach and Duodenum Diseases
Sections 4. Gastric Carcinoma ★★★★★·4.1 Epidemiology·4.2RiskFactors·4.3 Pathology·4.4Diagnosis· 4.5 Staging·4.6 Treatment·4.70utcomes
Sections 4. Gastric Carcinoma ★★★★★ • 4.1 Epidemiology • 4.2 Risk Factors • 4.3 Pathology • 4.4 Diagnosis • 4.5 Staging • 4.6 Treatment • 4.7 Outcomes
Epidemiology: Every year, around 99o,o00 people are diagnosed with Gc worldwide, ofwhomapproximately738,oo0die.GCisthe4thmostcommonincidentcancerandthe2ndmostcommoncauseofcancerdeath.GCincidence is different concerning sex andgeographicalvariability.Menaretwotothreetimesmoresusceptiblethanwomen.Theincidencedisplays huge geographical diversity.It is noted that more than 5o% of newincidentscomeupindevelopingcountries.Areaswiththehighestprobability for GC development encompass regions like Centraland SouthAmerica,EasternEuropeandEastAsia(ChinaandJapan)The5-yearsurvivalrateismildlygoodonlyinJapan.InEurope,theratiofluctuatesbetween10-30%.Theincreased5-yearsurvival rateisprobablydueto earlydiagnosis usingtheendoscopicexamination method, whichallowsfortheearlydetection and resectionof cancer
Epidemiology • Every year, around 990,000 people are diagnosed with GC worldwide, of whom approximately 738,000 die. GC is the 4th most common incident cancer and the 2nd most common cause of cancer death. • GC incidence is different concerning sex and geographical variability. Men are two to three times more susceptible than women. The incidence displays huge geographical diversity. It is noted that more than 50% of new incidents come up in developing countries. Areas with the highest probability for GC development encompass regions like Central and South America, Eastern Europe and East Asia (China and Japan). • The 5-year survival rate is mildly good only in Japan. In Europe, the ratio fluctuates between 10–30%. The increased 5-year survival rate is probably due to early diagnosis using the endoscopic examination method, which allows for the early detection and resection of cancer
EpidemiologyMaleFemaleEastemAsiaCentralandEasternEuropeLessdevelopedregionsWorldSouthAmericaIncidenceMoredeveloped regionsCentralAmericaMortality<9.6<14.6<23.6<70.0<5.9SouthermEuropeWestemAsia[Age standardised (worid) rateper 100 000]South-EasternAsiaCaribbeanPolynesiaMelanesiaWesternEuropeNorthenEuropeMicronesiaAustralia/NewZealand-South-CentralAsiaMiddleAfricaEastemAfricaNorthernAmrerica>75%WestemAfrica65-74%SouthemAfricaNorthemAfricaM55-64%6040200204060<55%
Epidemiology
RiskFactorsSmokingDietNutritionalLowfatorproteinconsumptionFamilyAlcoholSaltedmeatorfishHistoryHighnitrateconsumptionHighcomplexcarbohydrateconsumptionEpstein-EnvironmentalBarrH.pyloriPoorfoodpreparation(smoked,salted)virusLack ofrefrigerationPoordrinkingwater(e.g,contaminatedwellwater)SmokingSocialLowsocial classMedicalPrior gastric surgeryH.pylori infectionGastricatrophyandgastritisToto.ito-5Adenomatouspolyps5to-12eeOtherNoditaNAMalegenderHelicobacterpylori infectionassociated WithIncreasedRiskforDevelopingintheworldwide
Risk Factors Helicobacter pylori infection associated With Increased Risk for Developing in the worldwide