《医学生理学 Medical Physiology》参考教材资料（PDF电子书籍）Martini, Nath Fundamental of Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition, 2012.pdf_P26-P30

Acknowledgments This textbook represents a group effort, and we would like to ac- Dee Ann Sato knowledge the people who worked together with us to create this Ninth Edition Jeff Schinske Foremost on our thank-you list are the instructors who of- De Anza college red invaluable suggestions throughout the revision process cott smidt We thank them for their participation and list their names and Laramie County Community College-Albany Cour affiliations below Lori A. smith American River College D Reviewers of the book K. Jill Stephens Community College of aurora Peter Susan Mark bolke Clark college Trident Technical College an Carolyn J w. Bunde Patrick Henry Community College Idaho State University Carol veil Samuel che nen Anne Arundel Community College Moraine valley Community Colle Patricia Visser Alexander Cheroke Jackson Community College Mesa Community College at Red Mountain Elizabeth t. wise gela M. Edwards Trident Technical colles Lourdes College Brian D. Feige Mott Community College D Reviewers of martini s Atlas of Lauren gollahon the human body and the Texas Technical University Anjali D. Gray A&P Applications Manual Lourdes college Clare Hays Kimberly Blake Metropolitan State College of Denver Mitchell colle lext jordan Q. Michael Ditmore Guilford Technical Community College versity of arkansas Beth Ann Kersten Beth Ann Kersten State College of Florida, State College of Florida, Manatee-sarasota Dean Kruse Dean Kruse Portland Community College Portland Community College Scott murdoch Selena mallios Moraine valley Community College Lancaster General College of Nursing Health Sciences Louise petroka Mary L Puglia Gateway Community College Central Arizona College-Superstition Mountain Campus Peter porter Craig Richard Moraine valley Community college Shenandoah University Bernard J. Dunn School of pharmacy Mary L. Puglia Daniel Sigmon Central Arizona College-Superstition Mountain Campus Alamance Community College Jackie Reynold Lori A. smith Richland College American River Colles Benita sabie Cynthia Surmacz Jefferson Community Technical College Bloomsburg University of pennsylvania

This textbook represents a group effort, and we would like to acknowledge the people who worked together with us to create this Ninth Edition. Foremost on our thank-you list are the instructors who offered invaluable suggestions throughout the revision process. We thank them for their participation and list their names and affiliations below. ◗ Reviewers of the Book Mark Bolke Clark College Carolyn J. W. Bunde Idaho State University Samuel Chen Moraine Valley Community College Alexander Cheroske Mesa Community College at Red Mountain Angela M. Edwards Trident Technical College Brian D. Feige Mott Community College Lauren Gollahon Texas Technical University Anjali D. Gray Lourdes College Clare Hays Metropolitan State College of Denver Alex T. Jordan Guilford Technical Community College Beth Ann Kersten State College of Florida, Manatee-Sarasota Dean Kruse Portland Community College Scott Murdoch Moraine Valley Community College Louise Petroka Gateway Community College Peter Porter Moraine Valley Community College Mary L. Puglia Central Arizona College—Superstition Mountain Campus Jackie Reynolds Richland College Benita Sabie Jefferson Community & Technical College xxiv Dee Ann Sato Cypress College Jeff Schinske De Anza College Scott Smidt Laramie County Community College—Albany County Campus Lori A. Smith American River College K. Jill Stephens Community College of Aurora Peter Susan Trident Technical College Megan Tillery Patrick Henry Community College Carol Veil Anne Arundel Community College Patricia Visser Jackson Community College Elizabeth T. Wise Lourdes College ◗ Reviewers of Martini’s Atlas of the Human Body and the A&P Applications Manual Kimberly Blake Mitchell College Q. Michael Ditmore University of Arkansas Beth Ann Kersten State College of Florida, Manatee-Sarasota Dean Kruse Portland Community College Selena Mallios Lancaster General College of Nursing & Health Sciences Mary L. Puglia Central Arizona College—Superstition Mountain Campus Craig Richard Shenandoah University, Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy Daniel Sigmon Alamance Community College Lori A. Smith American River College Cynthia Surmacz Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania Acknowledgments

nts xXv Mark Bolke deserves special thanks for reviewing the pub- This book would not exist without the extraordinary dedi lished text of the Eighth Edition and offering suggestions that cation of the Production team, including Caroline Ayres and helped guide us through the Ninth Edition revision process To Debbie Cogan, who solved many problems under pressure him, we express our sincere thanks and best wishes with unfailing good cheer. Thanks to Susan Malloy for her as- o The accuracy and currency of the clinical material in this sistance in the detailed checking of page proofs Norine Strang edition and in the A&P Applications Manual in large part reflect skillfully led her excellent team at S4 Carlisle to move the book the work of Kathleen Welch, M D. Her professionalism and smoothly through composition concern for practicality and common sense make the clinical The design process was headed by Marilyn Perry, Design information especially relevant for today's students Manager, who devised innovative solutions for several complex Virtually without exception, reviewers stressed the impor- design challenges. The striking cover and clear, navigable inte- tance of accurate, integrated, and visually attractive illustrations rior design were created by tani hasegawa in helping students understand essential material. The revision Thanks to our photo researcher, Maureen Spuhler, and of the art program was directed by Bill Ober, M D and Claire photo editor, Donna Kalal, for finding, obtaining and coordi Garrison, R.N. Their suggestions about presentation sequence, nating all of the photos in the photo program opics of clinical importance, and revisions to the proposed art Thanks are also due to Nicole mcfadden, Editorial assis were of incalculable value to us and to the project. The illustra- tant, who served as project editor for the print supplements for tion program for this edition was further enhanced by the ef- instructors and students and coordinated the administrative forts of several other talented individuals. Jim Gibson designed details of the entire textbook program. Dorothy Cox and Shan most of the new features in the art program and consulted on non Kong worked tirelessly to shepherd the print and media he design and layout of the individual figures. His talents have supplements through production helped produce an illustration program that is dynamic, cohe- We are also grateful to Aimee Pavy, Media Producer, for her sive, and easy to understand. Anita Impagliazzo helped create creative efforts on the media package, most especially Mas the new photo/ art combinations that have resulted in clearer tering A&P presentations and a greater sense of realism in important We would also like to express our gratitude to the follow anatomical figures. We are also grateful to the talented team at ing people at Pearson Science: Paul Corey, President; Frank imagineeringart com for their dedicated and detailed illustra- Ruggirello, Editorial Director; Barbara Yien, Director of Devel tive work on key figures for this edition. The new color micro- opment; Derek Perrigo, Marketing Manager; and the dedicated graphs in this edition were provided by Dr. Robert Tallitsch, and Pearson Science sales representatives for their continuing sup- his assistance is much appreciated. Many of the striking port of this project anatomy photos in the text and in Martini's Atlas of the Human To help improve future editions, we encourage you to send Body are the work of biomedical photographer Ralph Hutch- any pertinent information, suggestions, or comments about the ings; his images played a key role in the illustration program organization or content of this textbook to us directly, using the We also express our appreciation to the editors and support e-mail addresses below. We will deeply appreciate any and all staff at Pearson Science. comments and suggestions and will carefully consider them in We owe special thanks to our editor, Leslie Berriman, Exec- the preparation of the Tenth Edition. utive Editor, for her creativity and dedication Her vision helped shape this book in countless ways Frederic(Ric)H. Martini Haiku, hawaii Robin Pille, Project Editor, somehow tracked every detail and kept things moving forward. Her support, hard work, and patience are deeply appreciated. Judi L Nath Annie Reid, our Development Editor, played a vital role in Sandusky Ohio revising the Ninth Edition. Her unfailing attention to readabil- iudinath@bex.net ity, consistency, and quality was invaluable to the authors in meeting our goal of delivering complex A&P content in a more Edwin e bartholomew student-friendly way We are grateful to Mike Rossa for his careful attention to de- tail and consistency in his copyedit of the text and art

Acknowledgments xxv Mark Bolke deserves special thanks for reviewing the published text of the Eighth Edition and offering suggestions that helped guide us through the Ninth Edition revision process. To him, we express our sincere thanks and best wishes. The accuracy and currency of the clinical material in this edition and in the A&P Applications Manual in large part reflect the work of Kathleen Welch, M.D. Her professionalism and concern for practicality and common sense make the clinical information especially relevant for today’s students. Virtually without exception, reviewers stressed the importance of accurate, integrated, and visually attractive illustrations in helping students understand essential material. The revision of the art program was directed by Bill Ober, M.D. and Claire Garrison, R.N. Their suggestions about presentation sequence, topics of clinical importance, and revisions to the proposed art were of incalculable value to us and to the project. The illustration program for this edition was further enhanced by the efforts of several other talented individuals. Jim Gibson designed most of the new features in the art program and consulted on the design and layout of the individual figures. His talents have helped produce an illustration program that is dynamic, cohesive, and easy to understand. Anita Impagliazzo helped create the new photo/art combinations that have resulted in clearer presentations and a greater sense of realism in important anatomical figures. We are also grateful to the talented team at imagineeringart.com for their dedicated and detailed illustrative work on key figures for this edition. The new color micrographs in this edition were provided by Dr. Robert Tallitsch, and his assistance is much appreciated. Many of the striking anatomy photos in the text and in Martini’s Atlas of the Human Body are the work of biomedical photographer Ralph Hutchings; his images played a key role in the illustration program. We also express our appreciation to the editors and support staff at Pearson Science. We owe special thanks to our editor, Leslie Berriman, Executive Editor, for her creativity and dedication. Her vision helped shape this book in countless ways. Robin Pille, Project Editor, somehow tracked every detail and kept things moving forward. Her support, hard work, and patience are deeply appreciated. Annie Reid, our Development Editor, played a vital role in revising the Ninth Edition. Her unfailing attention to readability, consistency, and quality was invaluable to the authors in meeting our goal of delivering complex A&P content in a more student-friendly way. We are grateful to Mike Rossa for his careful attention to detail and consistency in his copyedit of the text and art. This book would not exist without the extraordinary dedication of the Production team, including Caroline Ayres and Debbie Cogan, who solved many problems under pressure with unfailing good cheer. Thanks to Susan Malloy for her assistance in the detailed checking of page proofs. Norine Strang skillfully led her excellent team at S4Carlisle to move the book smoothly through composition. The design process was headed by Marilyn Perry, Design Manager, who devised innovative solutions for several complex design challenges. The striking cover and clear, navigable interior design were created by tani hasegawa. Thanks to our photo researcher, Maureen Spuhler, and photo editor, Donna Kalal, for finding, obtaining, and coordinating all of the photos in the photo program. Thanks are also due to Nicole McFadden, Editorial Assistant, who served as project editor for the print supplements for instructors and students and coordinated the administrative details of the entire textbook program. Dorothy Cox and Shannon Kong worked tirelessly to shepherd the print and media supplements through production. We are also grateful to Aimee Pavy, Media Producer, for her creative efforts on the media package, most especially MasteringA&P™. We would also like to express our gratitude to the following people at Pearson Science: Paul Corey, President; Frank Ruggirello, Editorial Director; Barbara Yien, Director of Development; Derek Perrigo, Marketing Manager; and the dedicated Pearson Science sales representatives for their continuing support of this project. To help improve future editions, we encourage you to send any pertinent information, suggestions, or comments about the organization or content of this textbook to us directly, using the e-mail addresses below. We will deeply appreciate any and all comments and suggestions and will carefully consider them in the preparation of the Tenth Edition. Frederic (Ric) H. Martini Haiku, Hawaii martini@maui.net Judi L. Nath Sandusky, Ohio judinath@bex.net Edwin F. Bartholomew Lahaina, Hawaii edbarth@maui.net

Contents Preface v The Chemical level of Organization 26 UNIT 1 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION D An Introduction to the Chemical Level of Organization 27 2-1) Atoms are the basic particles of matter 27 An Introduction to Anatomy Atomic Structure 27 4 and Physiology 1 Elements and Isotopes 28 D An Introduction to Studying the Human Body 2 Electrons and Energy Levels 29 1-1 Anatomy and physiology directly affect your life 2 2-2) Chemical bonds are forces formed by atom 1-2) Good study strategies are crucial for success 2 lonic bonds 30 1-3 Anatomy is structure, and physiology is function 4 Covalent bonds 31 1-4) Anatomy and physiology are closely integrated 5 Hydrogen Bonds 33 Physiology 7 1-5) Levels of organization progress from molecules to a 2-3) Decomposition, synthesis, and exchange reactions are important chemical reactions in physiology 34 1-6) Homeostasis is the tendency toward internal asic Energy Concepts 34 balance 10 Types of Chemical Reactions 36 1-7) Negative feedback opposes variations from normal 2-4 Enzymes catalyze specific biochemical reactions by whereas positive feedback exaggerates them 12 lowering a reaction s activation energy 37 The Role of Negative Feedback in Homeostasis 12 2-5) Inorganic compounds lack carbon, and organic The Role of positive feedback in Homeostasis 12 Systems Integration, Equilibrium, and Homeostasis 13 2-6) Physiological systems depend on water 38 1-8) Anatomical terms describe body regions, anatomical The Properties of Aqueous Solutions 39 positions and directions, and body sections 15 Colloids and Suspensions 40 Superficial Anatomy 15 2-7) Body fluid pH is vital for homeostasis 40 Sectional Anatomy 17 2-8) Acids, bases, and salts are inorganic compounds with 1-9) Body cavities protect internal organs and allow them important physiological roles 41 to change shape 20 The Thoracic Cavity 20 Buffers and pH Control 42 The Abdominopelvic Cavity 22 2-9) Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Chapter Review in a 1: 2 1 ratio 42 Clinical Notes 6 Monosaccharides 43 The visible Human Homeostasis and D Disaccharides and Polysaccharides 44 Spotlight 2-10 Lipids contain a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of 1: 2 45 Eicosanoids 46 Steroids 48

Contents Preface v UNIT 1 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION 2 The Chemical Level of Organization 26 ◗ An Introduction to the Chemical Level of Organization 27 2-1 ◗ Atoms are the basic particles of matter 27 Atomic Structure 27 Elements and Isotopes 28 Atomic Weights 28 Electrons and Energy Levels 29 2-2 ◗ Chemical bonds are forces formed by atom interactions 30 Ionic Bonds 30 Covalent Bonds 31 Hydrogen Bonds 33 States of Matter 33 Molecular Weights 34 2-3 ◗ Decomposition, synthesis, and exchange reactions are important chemical reactions in physiology 34 Basic Energy Concepts 34 Types of Chemical Reactions 36 2-4 ◗ Enzymes catalyze specific biochemical reactions by lowering a reaction’s activation energy 37 2-5 ◗ Inorganic compounds lack carbon, and organic compounds contain carbon 38 2-6 ◗ Physiological systems depend on water 38 The Properties of Aqueous Solutions 39 Colloids and Suspensions 40 2-7 ◗ Body fluid pH is vital for homeostasis 40 2-8 ◗ Acids, bases, and salts are inorganic compounds with important physiological roles 41 Salts 42 Buffers and pH Control 42 2-9 ◗ Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio 42 Monosaccharides 43 Disaccharides and Polysaccharides 44 2-10 ◗ Lipids contain a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of 1:2 45 Fatty Acids 45 Eicosanoids 46 Glycerides 46 Steroids 48 Phospholipids and Glycolipids 48 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 1 ◗ An Introduction to Studying the Human Body 2 1-1 ◗ Anatomy and physiology directly affect your life 2 1-2 ◗ Good study strategies are crucial for success 2 1-3 ◗ Anatomy is structure, and physiology is function 4 1-4 ◗ Anatomy and physiology are closely integrated 5 Anatomy 5 Physiology 7 1-5 ◗ Levels of organization progress from molecules to a complete organism 7 1-6 ◗ Homeostasis is the tendency toward internal balance 10 1-7 ◗ Negative feedback opposes variations from normal, whereas positive feedback exaggerates them 12 The Role of Negative Feedback in Homeostasis 12 The Role of Positive Feedback in Homeostasis 12 Systems Integration, Equilibrium, and Homeostasis 13 1-8 ◗ Anatomical terms describe body regions, anatomical positions and directions, and body sections 15 Superficial Anatomy 15 Sectional Anatomy 17 1-9 ◗ Body cavities protect internal organs and allow them to change shape 20 The Thoracic Cavity 20 The Abdominopelvic Cavity 22 Chapter Review 23 Clinical Notes The Visible Human Project 6 Homeostasis and Disease 12 Spotlight Levels of Organization 8 xxvii