4. 1 Sugar degradation (glycolysis) and synthesis 1897. Eduard Buchner Cell-free fermentation (Nobel Prize in 1907) Otto Fritz Meyerhof, conversion of glucose to lactic acid in muscle and back to glucose in liver(Nobel Prize in 1922) Sir Arthur Harden and Hans von euler. Chelpin, involvement of enzymes coenzymes, and phosphorylated intermediates(Nobel Prize in 1929)
4.1 Sugar degradation (glycolysis) and synthesis • 1897, Eduard Buchner, Cell-free fermentation (Nobel Prize in 1907). • Otto Fritz Meyerhof, conversion of glucose to lactic acid in muscle and back to glucose in liver (Nobel Prize in 1922). • Sir Arthur Harden and Hans von EulerChelpin, involvement of enzymes, coenzymes, and phosphorylated intermediates (Nobel Prize in 1929)
Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori, formation of glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen and pyrophosphate by the action of phosphorylase(Nobel Prize in 1947) Luis F. Leloir, UDP-glucose is the precursor for glycogen synthesis(Nobel Prize in 1970) The whole glycolysis pathway (conversion of glucose to pyruvate) was revealed by 1940
• Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori, formation of glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen and pyrophosphate by the action of phosphorylase (Nobel Prize in 1947). • Luis F. Leloir, UDP-glucose is the precursor for glycogen synthesis (Nobel Prize in 1970). • The whole glycolysis pathway (conversion of glucose to pyruvate) was revealed by 1940
4.2 Complete oxidation of fuels from two-carbon units to cO2 Albert von Szent-Gyorgyi, plant acids, fumaric acd(反丁烯二酸), malic acid(苹果酸) were not consumed but act as catalysts for the cellular combustion process(Nobel Prize in 1937) Fritz Albert Lipmann, role of co-enzyme a and ATP(Nobel Prize in 1953) Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, Acetyl-CoA and citric acid cycle(柠檬酸循环) for complete oxidation two carbon units(Nobel Prize in 1953)
4.2 Complete oxidation of fuels: from two-carbon units to CO2 • Albert von Szent-Gyorgyi, plant acids, fumaric acid (反丁烯二酸), malic acid (苹果酸) were not consumed, but act as catalysts for the cellular combustion process (Nobel Prize in 1937). • Fritz Albert Lipmann, role of co-enzyme A and ATP (Nobel Prize in 1953); • Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, Acetyl-CoA and citric acid cycle (柠檬酸循环) for complete oxidation twocarbon units (Nobel Prize in 1953)
4.3 Synthesis of ATP using energy released from fuel oxidation Otto Heinrich Warburg, involvement of iron containing cytochromes(细胞色素) in cellular respiration(Nobel Prize in 1931 Peter D. Mitchell, proposed the chemiosmotic theory(化学渗透学说) to relate electron flow to ATP synthesis in all organisms(Nobel Prize in 1978) Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker, enzymatic mechanism for ATP synthesis(Nobel Prize in 1997)
4.3 Synthesis of ATP using energy released from fuel oxidation • Otto Heinrich Warburg, involvement of ironcontaining cytochromes (细胞色素) in cellular respiration (Nobel Prize in 1931). • Peter D. Mitchell, proposed the chemiosmotic theory（化学渗透学说）to relate electron flow to ATP synthesis in all organisms (Nobel Prize in 1978). • Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker, enzymatic mechanism for ATP synthesis (Nobel Prize in 1997)
4.4 Lipid degradation and synthesis Konrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen pathways for cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis(Nobel Prize in 1964) Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein, regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis (Nobel Prize in 1985)
4.4 Lipid degradation and synthesis • Konrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen, pathways for cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis (Nobel Prize in 1964). • Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein, regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis (Nobel Prize in 1985)