Energy-yielding Cell nutrients macromolecules Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Polysaccharides Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids The energy supply ADP HPOZ NAD and demand in NADP Catabolism Anabolism Heterotrophs ATP NADH NADPH the ATP-ADP Chemical energy Cyc cle Energy.poor Precursor end products molecules Amino acids Sugars Fatty acids Nitrogenous ase
The energy supply and demand in Heterotrophs: the ATP-ADP cycle
2 The General features of metabolism Occurs in linear, branched or circular pathways Highly interconnected ( Every road leads to Rome" ). Highly regulated to achieve the best economy C Balanced supply and demand) The number of reactions is largeover 1000) and the number of types of reactions is relatively smal.(见课本p5-15) Well conserved during evolution: reflecting the unity of the life phenomena( what happens in bacteria happens in human being)
2. The General Features of metabolism • Occurs in linear, branched or circular pathways; • Highly interconnected (“Every road leads to Rome”). • Highly regulated to achieve the best economy (“Balanced supply and demand”). • The number of reactions is large (over 1000) and the number of types of reactions is relatively small.（见课本p5~15） • Well conserved during evolution: reflecting the unity of the life phenomena (“what happens in bacteria happens in human being”)
Degradation is convergent Rubber carotenoid and energy releasing pigment Phospholipid 异戊烯磷酸mn Cholester Triacylglycerols Fatty acids Mevalonate Vitamin K Cholestan tarch Alanine heyl 乙酰辅酶A alanine Acetate Glycogen Glucose rural facetyI-CoA) Acetoacetvl-CoA Eicosanoids Serine Isoleucine Fatty acids Triacylglycerols Citrate 柠檬酸 CDP-diglyceride 草酰乙酸octe The citric (b) acid cycle Synthesis is divergent and energy consuming
Degradation is convergent and energy releasing Synthesis is divergent and energy consuming The citric acid cycle 乙酰辅酶A 草酰乙酸 柠檬酸 异戊烯焦磷酸
3. Things that will be covered 1). General principles for bioenergetics 2). Oxidative degradation of fuels (glycolysis, B oxidation urea cycle, a-ketoacid oxidation citric acid cycle), generating NADH, FADH2, ATP, and CO2 3). Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 by o2 and generation of ATP and H2o (respiratory chains, ATP synthase) 4). Photosynthsis(photophosphorylation and carbon fixation) 5). Regulation of metabolism
3. Things that will be covered • 1). General principles for bioenergetics. 2). Oxidative degradation of fuels (glycolysis, boxidation, urea cycle, a-ketoacid oxidation, citric acid cycle), generating NADH, FADH2 , ATP, and CO2 . 3). Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 by O2 and generation of ATP and H2O (respiratory chains, ATP synthase). 4). Photosynthsis (photophosphorylation and carbon fixation). 5). Regulation of metabolism
4. Understanding Metabolism: a retrospect
4. Understanding Metabolism: a retrospect