Transforming Creativity into 同济经管 TONGJI SEM Innovation -Firm Linkages with Customers,Suppliers, Competitors,and Complementors -External versus Internal Sourcing of Innovation External and internal sources are complements -Firms with in-house R&D also heaviest users of external collaboration networks In-house R&D may help firm build absorptive capacity that enables it to better use information obtained externally. EQUIS 29
29 Transforming Creativity into Innovation Firm Linkages with Customers, Suppliers, Competitors, and Complementors –External versus Internal Sourcing of Innovation • External and internal sources are complements – Firms with in-house R&D also heaviest users of external collaboration networks – In-house R&D may help firm build absorptive capacity that enables it to better use information obtained externally
Transforming Creativity into 同济经管 TONGJI SEM Innovation Universities and Government-Funded Research -Universities Many universities encourage research that leads to useful innovations Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 allows universities to collect royalties on inventions funded with taxpayer dollars Led to rapid increase in establishment of technology- transfer offices. Revenues from university inventions are still very small,but universities also contribute to innovation through publication of research results. EQUIS 30
30 Transforming Creativity into Innovation Universities and Government-Funded Research –Universities • Many universities encourage research that leads to useful innovations • Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 allows universities to collect royalties on inventions funded with taxpayer dollars – Led to rapid increase in establishment of technologytransfer offices. • Revenues from university inventions are still very small, but universities also contribute to innovation through publication of research results
Transforming Creativity into 同济经管 TONGJI SEM Innovation -Universities and Government-Funded Research Governments invest in research through: Their own laboratories A90 Science parks and incubators Grants for other public or private research organizations FIGURE 2.6 Pereent of 80.0 R&D Funds by Source and 70.0 Country,1999 60.0 50.0 Industry Other domestic Abroad 8 o.c EOUIS 31
31 Transforming Creativity into Innovation Universities and Government-Funded Research – Governments invest in research through: • Their own laboratories • Science parks and incubators • Grants for other public or private research organizations
Transforming Creativity into 同济经管 TONGJI SEM Innovation Private Nonprofit Organizations -Many nonprofit organizations do in-house R&D,fund R&D by others,or both. R&D R&D Nonprofit Expenditures Nonprofit Expenditures Organization (in SUS millions) Organization (in SUS millions) Howard Hughes Medical Institute $352.00 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center 83.41 Mayo Foundation/St.Mary's Charles Stark Draper Laboratory,hc. 60.60 Hospital,Rochester,MN 156.72 The Salk Institute for Biological SRI International 146.14 Studies 56.08 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research 54.50 Center 11523 Analytic Services,Inc. 51.77 Research Triangle Institute 112.90 Harbor-UCLA Research and Education Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute 46.69 Center 100.47 Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 45.72 SEMATECH,Inc. 97.70 Rand Corporation 43.00 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Population Council 4223 (Children's Cancer Research Foundation) 91.00 Summer Institute of Linguistics,Inc. 41.00 Brigham and Women's Hospital 8779 Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research 40.71 EQUIS 32
32 Transforming Creativity into Innovation Private Nonprofit Organizations –Many nonprofit organizations do in-house R&D, fund R&D by others, or both
Innovation in Collaborative 同济经管 TONGJI SEM Networks -Collaborations include (but are not limited to): -Joint ventures -Licensing and second-sourcing agreements -Research associations -Government-sponsored joint research programs -Value-added networks for technical and scientific exchange -Informal networks -Collaborative networks are especially important in high-technology sectors where individual firms rarely possess all necessary resources and capabilities EQUIS 33 OFMEASIon
33 Innovation in Collaborative Networks Collaborations include (but are not limited to): – Joint ventures – Licensing and second-sourcing agreements – Research associations – Government-sponsored joint research programs – Value-added networks for technical and scientific exchange – Informal networks Collaborative networks are especially important in high-technology sectors where individual firms rarely possess all necessary resources and capabilities