Z Chapter2Diseases of Digestive SystemVIMDiagnosisThe clinical signs are extremely suggestive. Objects lodged in thecervical esophagusmaybelocatedviapalpation> Endoscopic evaluation and the inabilityto pass a stomachornasogastric tube in horses or cattle can also confirm thediagnosis.BiCommon areas for esophagealobstruction.CourtesyofDr.SameehM.AbutarbushEsophagealview.Courtesypharyngeal, enof DeSameeh MAbutarbushSuangdong Ocean University
11 Ø The clinical signs are extremely suggestive. Objects lodged in the cervical esophagus may be located via palpation. Ø Endoscopic evaluation and the inability to pass a stomach or nasogastric tube in horses or cattle can also confirm the diagnosis. Ø Each case should be carefully evaluated independently because, in many instances, the complications of esophageal disease (eg, aspiration pneumonia) may prohibit or limit the effectiveness of treatment. In such cases, thoracic radiography, hematology, and biochemical serum analyses are indicated. Esophageal obstruction, Post- pharyngeal, endoscopic view. Courtesy of Dr. Sameeh M. Abutarbush Common areas for esophageal obstruction. Courtesy of Dr. Sameeh M. Abutarbush Chapter 2 Diseases of Digestive System
Chapter2Diseases of DigestiveSystemVIMTreatmentOesophagitisand complications of aspirationpneumonia.Many cases of obstruction caused bygreedily eaten grain orhay may resolve spontaneouslyfrom a few hours to several days. Mild sedation andsmooth musclerelaxants maybeeffective(Compoundssuchasacepromazine(乙酰丙嗪）havesomeeffectinthesecases).Oxytocin（催产素）maybeuseful tofacilitaterelaxation and esophageal movement.However,thelonger the patient is obstructed,the greater the dangerofpressure necrosisTo be continued12Guangdong Ocean University
12 nTreatment Many cases of obstruction caused by greedily eaten grain or hay may resolve spontaneously from a few hours to several days. Mild sedation and smooth muscle relaxants may be effective (Compounds such as acepromazine(乙酰丙嗪) have some effect in these cases). Oxytocin(催产素) may be useful to facilitate relaxation and esophageal movement. To be continued Chapter 2 Diseases of Digestive System
ZChapter2DiseasesofDigestive SystemVIMTreatmentIfthe obstruction does not resolve spontaneously and thepatient resists attemptsatpassageofa nasogastrictubeand subsequent irrigation,then irrigation of theesophagus under general anesthesia is recommended.Anasogastrictube should be placed before generalanesthesia is induced. Repeated pumping and siphoningof warmwaterusuallyloosenstheimpacted foodmaterial.Thepatient should receiveparenteral非口服的）antibioticsandanalgesics(止痛剂),andthe esophagusshould be examined endoscopically to monitor the healingof mucosal ulcers.To be continued13GuangdongOceanUniversity
13 nTreatment Ø If the obstruction does not resolve spontaneously and the patient resists attempts at passage of a nasogastric tube and subsequent irrigation, then irrigation of the esophagus under general anesthesia is recommended. A nasogastric tube should be placed before general anesthesia is induced. Repeated pumping and siphoning of warm water usually loosens the impacted food material. The patient should receive parenteral(非口服的) antibiotics and analgesics(止痛剂), and the esophagus should be examined endoscopically to monitor the healing of mucosal ulcers. To be continued Chapter 2 Diseases of Digestive System
7Chapter2Diseases ofDigestiveSystemVIMTreatment>In cattle,esophageal obstructionaccompanied byruminal tympanyis an emergency,and if clinical signs of distress indicate,the bloatmust be relieved bytrocarization(穿刺)through the left sub-lumbarfossa. Once the tympany has been relieved, then solid objects (eg,potatoes)mayoften bemassaged free or spontaneouslydislodgeastheirouter surfaces are softened by saliva.> Caution should be used if any.attemnt ismade.to.nush.ar1荣针）;offending objectdowntheeVMesophageal rupture and fataresult.dinInbothdogsandcattle,elecsome cases to relieve cervica4Guangdong Ocean University
14 Ø In cattle, esophageal obstruction accompanied by ruminal tympany is an emergency, and if clinical signs of distress indicate, the bloat must be relieved by trocarization(穿刺) through the left sub-lumbar fossa. Once the tympany has been relieved, then solid objects (eg, potatoes) may often be massaged free or spontaneously dislodge as their outer surfaces are softened by saliva. Ø Caution should be used if any attempt is made to push an offending object down the esophagus using a probang(咽喉探针); esophageal rupture and fatal septic mediastinitis(纵膈炎) may result. l In both dogs and cattle, elective esophagotomy may be used in some cases to relieve cervical choke. nTreatment Chapter 2 Diseases of Digestive System
★ZChapter2Diseases of Digestive SystemVIMSection2 Stomatitis口EtiologyOral trauma or contact with chemical irritants (eg,horses that lick at their legs after having been blistered起水泡）mayresultintransient临时性的stomatitis..Traumatic injury fromthe ingestion of theawns of barley,foxtail狐尾草，porcupinegrass豪猪草，andspeargrass针茅草，aswell asfeedingonplantsinfestecars毛毛虫，alsowillresultinseverestom食兽，马的口衔15Guangdong Ocean University
15 Section 2 Stomatitis pEtiology • Oral trauma or contact with chemical irritants (eg, horses that lick at their legs after having been blistered 起水泡) may result in transient临时性的 stomatitis. Chapter 2 Diseases of Digestive System • Traumatic injury from the ingestion of the awns of barley, foxtail狐尾草, porcupinegrass豪猪草 , and spear grass针茅草, as well as feeding on plants infested with hairy caterpillars毛 毛虫, also will result in severe stomatitis in herbivores草食兽