Chest X-Ray: Left atrial enlargement: Pulmonary edema: Prominence of pulmonary arteries: Enlargement of right ventricle
Chest X-Ray • Left atrial enlargement • Pulmonary edema • Prominence of pulmonary arteries • Enlargement of right ventricle
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EKG? Left, right atrial abnormalitiesAtrial fibrillation: Right Venticular (RV) hypertrophy
EKG • Left, right atrial abnormalities • Atrial fibrillation • Right Venticular (RV) hypertrophy
Echo? Enlarged LAMV. Markedlythickened.often calcified"fish-mouth" shapedwithverynarrow.orificeLVfillingwith? Delayedtrans-mitralgradient in diastole: RV hypertrophy, RV hypokinesis
Echo • Enlarged LA • Markedly thickened, often calcified MV with very narrow, "fish-mouth" shaped orifice • Delayed LV filling with trans-mitral gradient in diastole • RV hypertrophy, RV hypokinesis
TV thickness, stenosis or regurgitationPulmonary hypertension? LV function usu. preservedMildModerateSevere<1.01.5-2.01.0-1.5MVA (cm2)<10>2010-20Mean PG (mmHg)
• TV thickness, stenosis or regurgitation • Pulmonary hypertension • LV function usu. preserved Mild Moderate Severe MVA (cm2 ) 1.5-2.0 1.0-1.5 <1.0 Mean PG (mmHg) <10 10-20 >20