1.CompositionofPetroleumAll three fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, and naturalgas) mainly consist of H and C, a small amount ofhetero-atoms like N, O, S, and metals.Therelative amount of carbon in coal is much largerthan in crude oilMethane(CH4)obviouslyhasthelowestC/Hratioofall hydrocarbons. The ratio for natural gas is verysimilar to that of methane, because methane is themajorhydrocarbon present
1. Composition of Petroleum ⚫All three fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, and natural gas) mainly consist of H and C, a small amount of hetero-atoms like N, O, S, and metals. ⚫The relative amount of carbon in coal is much larger than in crude oil. ⚫Methane (CH4) obviously has the lowest C/H ratio of all hydrocarbons. The ratio for natural gas is very similar to that of methane, because methane is the major hydrocarbon present
The composition of crude oil (petroleum)is much morecomplex than that of naturalgas. It is complex mixture of gas,liguid,and solidhydrocarboncompoundsNevertheless,theelementscomposition ofcrudeoil variesoverarathernarrow range(C 83-87%,H11-14%,N 0.02-1.7%,00.08-1.82%,S0.02-5.5%)The high fraction of C and H suggests that crude oil consists ofhydrocarbonCrudeoilcontainsalkanes,cycloalkanes(naphthenes)aromatics,sulfur-containing compounds,nitrogen-containingcompounds,oxygen-containingcompounds,胶质gelatine,沥青asphalt etc
⚫ The composition of crude oil (petroleum) is much more complex than that of natural gas. It is complex mixture of gas, liquid, and solid hydrocarbon compounds. ⚫ Nevertheless, the elements composition of crude oil varies over a rather narrow range (C 83-87%, H 11-14%, N 0.02-1.7%, O 0.08-1.82%, S 0.02-5.5%). ⚫ The high fraction of C and H suggests that crude oil consists of hydrocarbon. ⚫ Crude oil contains alkanes, cycloalkanes (naphthenes), aromatics, sulfur-containing compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, oxygen-containing compounds, 胶质gelatine, 沥青 asphalt etc
alkanes,hydrocarbonscycloalkanesaromaticssulfur-containingcompoundsnon-hydrocarbonsnitrogen-containing compoundsoxygen-containing compoundsgelatine, asphalt>polycyclic hydrocarbons,etc
⚫ hydrocarbons ⚫ non-hydrocarbons ⚫ gelatine, asphalt alkanes, cycloalkanes aromatics sulfur-containing compounds nitrogen-containing compounds oxygen-containing compounds polycyclic hydrocarbons, etc
HydrocarbonsChain saturated hydrocarbon:Ci-C4 alkanes are gas state, Cs-Ci6 alkanes are liquid state,Ci7and Ci7abovealkanes are solid state.Cycloalkanes:Cycloalkanes are often called naphthenes.In general they arethe monocyclic ring structure of five-membered ring and six-membered ring.Aromatics:Benzene、Toluene、Xylenes、EthylbenzeneOtherbenzenederivatives;Naphthalin and derivatives,Diphenyl aromatics;Condensed aromatics
Hydrocarbons ⚫ Chain saturated hydrocarbon: C1~C4 alkanes are gas state, C5~C16 alkanes are liquid state, C17 and C17 above alkanes are solid state. ⚫ Cycloalkanes： Cycloalkanes are often called naphthenes. In general they are the monocyclic ring structure of five-membered ring and sixmembered ring. ⚫ Aromatics: Benzene、Toluene、Xylenes、Ethyl benzene、Other benzene derivatives; Naphthalin and derivatives、Diphenyl aromatics； Condensed aromatics
Non-hydrocarbonsSulfides:Sulfuralcohol, Sulfoether,Disulfide,Thiophene and derivativesNitrides:Pyridine, quinoline, pyrroleOxygen-containingcompoundsNaphthenic acid, Phenols and very small amount offatty acidsOrganometalliccompoundsGelatineandAsphalt
Non-hydrocarbons ⚫ Sulfides: Sulfur alcohol，Sulfoether，Disulfide， Thiophene and derivatives ⚫ Nitrides: Pyridine, quinoline, pyrrole ⚫ Oxygen-containing compounds Naphthenic acid，Phenols and very small amount of fatty acids ⚫ Organometallic compounds Gelatine and Asphalt