unitprocessesinorganic synthesisfiftheditionP.H.GROGGINSTATAMCGRAW-HILLEDITION
vaUnit Processes inOrganic SynthesisEDITOR-IN-CHIEFP.H. GROGGINSChemicalEngineerTechnical Advisor,Food Machinery and Chemical CorporationAuthorof"AnilinesndItsDerivatives"and"Chemicals andFoodProduction"FIFTHEDITIONTataMcGraw-HillPublishingCompanyLimitedNEWDELHINewDelhiNewYork StLouis SanFranciscoAuckland BogotaGuatemalaHamburg Lisbon LondonMadrid MexicoMilanMontealPanamaParisSanJuanSaoPauloSingaporeSydneyTokyoToronto
1a.99&Tata McGraw-HillADivision ofThe McGraw-Hill Companies140263140263547.2874V1958UNITPROCESSESINORGANICSYNTHESIS.5/eCopyright1958bythe McGraw-Hill Book Company.Inc.Copyright1935,1938,1947.1952bytheMcGraw-HillBookCompanAll rights reserved.Thisbook, orpartsthereof,maynotbereproduced in anyform orby any means withoutpermission of the publisheTata MeGraw-Hill reprint 1995Fourthreprint1997RZLCRDRRRAQDBReprinted inIndiabyarrangement withMcGraw-Hill,Inc.,NewYorkSALESTERRITORY:ASIAWhenOrdering thistitle,useISBN0-07-462143-2PublishedbyTataMcGraw-HillPublishingCompanyLimited.4/12AsafAliRoad,NewDelhi110002,andprintedatSheelPrint-N-Pack,Babarpur,Delhi110053
PREFACEAquarterofacentury has elapsed since the frst editionof "Unit Proc-esses in Organic Synthesis"went to press.During that span of years thedomestic synthetic organic chemical industry has grown enormously.Theproductionofpetrochemicals,plastis,potectiecoatings,sufactanchlorinated solvents,and elastomerall involving organic synthesishasmultiplied many times.New technics have been developed, and chemicalengineers have contributed much to make production processes moreefficient.Ifadoptionasateachingtoolanduse asaplantreference workmayserveas criteria,“Unit Processes in Organic Synthesis"has apparently serveda useful purpose.Acceptance of the work has been world-wide, snd it iswith gratification that the authors note that the book has been or is cur-rently being translated into fve foreign languages.Apparently this refects the need for such a textbook in a growing technological economy.In the preface tothefirst edition, the editor distinguished between thenow well-established terms unit processes and unit operalions and showedhow they are intimately related in the chemical engineering aspects oforganic synthesis.The prime objective of the present volume continuesto be the presentation of the industrial technic used in converting organicraw materials into usable products by various processes.Accordingly,theunderlying principlesandfactorsforeachunitprocesareorganizedinsystematicmanner with most of theemphasis onfundamental scientific andtechnologicalprinciplesDetaileddiscussionofmanufacturing processesisincluded only to the extent required for the elucidation of these basicprinciples.Thus it is expected that the present volume willcontinue toserve asa“semiworks course"to facilitate the student's transition fromthe university classroom to an industrial environment.In keeping with the modern trend toward the so-called chemical engi-neering sciences,theauthorshavestressedfundamentaladvnes intheryas wellas in industrial practice.Thus, thermodynamicsandkinetics havereceived increased emphasis.These subjects are inextricably associatedwith allchemicalreactions and,therefore,areparticularlyimportant intheBtudyand practice ofunit procsses.Inthisfth edition, threenewiptroductory chapters are devoted to these subjects.vii
PREFACETo ensure that the present text refiects the most recent advances in thetechnology of unit processes, many new coauthors have been invited tocontribute to its pages,These new collaborators represent an sccuratecross section of the American chemical industry.Their contributions tothe technical literature in their specialized fields are evidence of theircompetence.Their cooperation in the preparation of the present editionshould assure-a technologically sound text.The editor is deeply obligated to managements of many chemical organi-zations for making possible employee participation in the preparation ofthis volume.It is accordingly hoped that their combined contributionswill make possible a better training of chemical engineers and chemistsfortheplants of ourexpandingchemical industry.P.H.Groggins