The animal mitochondrial genome14kb - 42kb in size10CONTROLND2Generally same 37 genes:SIRNA'QM10O- 12Sand 16SrRNACOIIrRNA-13proteinsCOl- 22 tRNAsDaphniapulexKLONNo recombination(15,333bp)105Little intergenic DNA10CytBONo introns10NDGVariablecontrol region10ND4Own genetic codeND51011
The animal mitochondrial genome 14kb - 42kb in size Generally same 37 genes: – 12S and 16S rRNA – 13 proteins – 22 tRNAs No recombination Little intergenic DNA No introns Variable control region Own genetic code 11 Daphnia pulex (15,333bp)
The plant mitochondrial genometRNR-LeLtRNA-Hi$tRNA-GIntRNA-GIUtRNA-PhetRNA-GIytRNA-CYStRNA-LeUtRMA-ArgtRNA-HettRNR-TyIRNR-LYEtRNA-LeUtRNR-ArgtRNA-SetRNA-GTY~200kb-2400kbinsize10tRNA-MettRNA-AsntRNA-ProtRNA-fHetGenerallymulti-circulartRNA-Trp10tRNA-fHeRNP-ValOver90%non-codingDNA10tRNA-ASP+RNFN-ThUniversalgeneticcode10Marchantiapolymorpha(184,000 bp)12
The plant mitochondrial genome ~200kb - 2400kb in size Generally multi-circular Over 90% non-coding DNA Universal genetic code 12 Marchantia polymorpha (184,000 bp)
Diversity of mitochondrial genomesAnimalsFungiPlantsSize14kb - 42kb17kb - 180kb184kb - 2,400kbVery LowVariableVery HighNon-codingDNAHighLowVery LowMutation rateV/xVxRecombinationVxxIntronsVxMostlyUniversalgeneticcode13
Diversity of mitochondrial genomes 13 Size Non-coding DNA Mutation rate High Very Low 14kb - 42kb Recombination Introns Universal genetic code Low Variable 17kb - 180kb ✓/ Mostly Very Low Very High 184kb - 2,400kb ✓ ✓ ✓ Animals Fungi Plants
Reclinomonas americana -the ancestral mitochondrial genome（美洲斜颈单胞菌是原始线粒体基因组？）pl31Total of 97 genes:10or169rplprtoorf64-Allprotein-codinggenespoBfound in all mtDNAs-18proteingenesuniquerpocto Reclinomonasorf717Fourgenes (rpoA-D) encode10PoDCOx11a eubacteria-like RNAp132tutAyeiwpolymerase (α,ββ)p134Vestigialprokaryoticoperon10rp/20p127secyorganisationPOApl18Universal geneticcoderp119atp314
Reclinomonas americana - the ancestral mitochondrial genome? （美洲斜颈单胞菌是原始线粒体基因组？） Total of 97 genes: – All protein-coding genes found in all mtDNAs – 18 protein genes unique to Reclinomonas Four genes (rpoA-D) encode a eubacteria-like RNA polymerase (2’) Vestigial prokaryotic operon organisation Universal genetic code 14
Human mitochondriagenomeKey:OHPOn,O,originanddirectionetc.ofsynthesisofheavyandD-loopetc.lightstrands7SDNAPhePhPLoriginanddirection16SValoftranscriptionofheavyandlightstrandsThr23SrRNAgenestRNAgenesCYBLeuProGenes encodingHproteinsND1PLSTRANDlleGluMtDNAhascompact structureand nof-MetND6GlnND2 intron.Theonlynon-codingregionistheDAlaND5Asnloop region,which is about 1,ooo bp.TheOrTrpCysTyrD-loop region includes the start point ofLeuMSermtDNA heavy chain replication and theetc.CO1HisSeretc.promoterofheavyandlightchainND4transcription.AspLND4LCO2STRANDND3H chain (richG)of mitochondria istheLysCO3ArgATPase8transcription template of 12 polypeptideGlyATPase6chains,12SrRNA,16SrRNAand14Figure9-2Human Molecular Genetics,3/e. (Garland Science 2004)tRNA, and L chain (rich C) is the templateHuman mtDNAencodes 13polypeptideof1 polypeptide chain and 8tRNAchains, 22 trnas, and 2 rrnas.All 13 proteinstranscription.15are subunits of the respiratory chain enzymecomplex
15 Human mtDNA encodes 13 polypeptide chains, 22 trnas, and 2 rrnas.All 13 proteins are subunits of the respiratory chain enzyme complex Human mitochondria genome H chain (rich G) of mitochondria is the transcription template of 12 polypeptide chains, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and 14 tRNA, and L chain (rich C) is the template of 1 polypeptide chain and 8 tRNA transcription. MtDNA has compact structure and no intron. The only non-coding region is the Dloop region, which is about 1,000 bp. The D-loop region includes the start point of mtDNA heavy chain replication and the promoter of heavy and light chain transcription