Practical Manual for theCell Biology ExperimentsEDITORSJing ChenJing ChenXiujun ZhangJie ZhaoDepartmentof BiologyNorth China CoalMedical University,Tangshan, China2025-08-20
Practical Manual for the Cell Biology Experiments EDITORS Jing Chen Jing Chen Xiujun Zhang Jie Zhao Department of Biology North China Coal Medical University ,Tangshan, China 2025-08-20
CONTENTSLaboratory Apparatus.Laboratory Safety..Guidelines for Laboratory Reports..10Experiment 1.The Microscope...19Experiment 2. Morphological Structure of CellsExperiment 3.Osmosis and Diffusion.24Experiment 4. Identification of chemical constituents of the cell.....28..33Experiment5and6.Cellculture2
2 CONTENTS Laboratory Apparatus.3 Laboratory Safety .4 Guidelines for Laboratory Reports.6 Experiment 1. The Microscope .10 Experiment 2. Morphological Structure of Cells .19 Experiment 3. Osmosis and Diffusion.24 Experiment 4. Identification of chemical constituents of the cell .28 Experiment 5 and 6. Cell culture .33
LaboratoryApparatusLaboratory apparatuses include thefollowing1.Glassware including Beakers, Flasks, Storage Bottles, Graduated Cylinders,Test Tubes, Pipettes, Burettes, Funnels, Petri Dishes, Staining jars, SlideCabinets, Microscopic Slides & Cover Slips, Pestle & Mortar.2. Lab tools: Dissecting Sets (Blades, Scalpel, Scissors, Needle, Forceps),Microbiological Loops, Syringes, Hand Lenses, Spatulas, Bunsen Burner.3.Instruments:Microscope.Microtome,Balances.pHmeter.Incubator.OvenAutoclave,Spectrophotometer,Refrigerator,Centrifuge.BunsenBurneStancPipettRoundBotFlasVohurnetricFlaskFilteringFlaskDesicatorEvaporatorflaskCondenserGraduatedCvlinderMortalaaPeFunnelPapFilteBuchnerFunnelTestTubeSetFHunneLids, Rubber StopperWashingBottleBeakerEvaporating DishReagentBottleE31Microscopic SlideDropperGlass TubingSyringe NeedleBasic Distillation&Cover SlipRDissecting Sets(Blades, Scapel, Scissors,Needle, Forceps),Basic Glass ware and Lab Tools
3 Laboratory Apparatus Laboratory apparatuses include the following: 1. Glassware including Beakers, Flasks, Storage Bottles, Graduated Cylinders, Test Tubes, Pipettes, Burettes, Funnels, Petri Dishes, Staining jars, Slide Cabinets, Microscopic Slides & Cover Slips, Pestle & Mortar. 2. Lab tools: Dissecting Sets (Blades, Scalpel, Scissors, Needle, Forceps), Microbiological Loops, Syringes, Hand Lenses, Spatulas, Bunsen Burner. 3. Instruments: Microscope, Microtome, Balances, pH meter, Incubator, Oven, Autoclave, Spectrophotometer, Refrigerator, Centrifuge. Basic Glass ware and Lab Tools
Laboratory SafetySafety in theLaboratory should always is in your mind.Throughout this manualsafety recommendations are given, below are some general consideration that anyoneina laboratoryshouldknow.Generallaboratorysafetyprecaution.1. Follow all instructions carefully. Use special care when you see the wordCAUTION in your laboratory instructions. Follow the safety instructionsgiven by your teacher.Determine the location of Fire Extinguishers, Chemical safety showers and2.Eyewashers,Chemical Spill Kits,and alternativeexit routesforlabevacuation3. Remember that smoking, eating, or drinking in the lab room is totallyprohibited.4. Wear lab aprons when working with chemicals, hot material, or preservedspecimens.5.Wear safety goggles when using dangerous chemicals, hot liquids, or burners6.Anychemicals spilled on thehands or other parts of theskin should be washedoff immediately with a plenty of running water.If you have an open skin wound, be sure that it is covered with a water proof7.1bandage.8.Never work alone in the laboratory.9. Keep your work area clean & dry.1o.Turn of all electrical equipment, water, and gas when it is not in use,especially at the end of the laboratory period.11. Tie back long hair.12.Report all chemicals spills or fluids to your instructor immediately for properclean up. Specialprecautionsforworkingwithheator fire:I.Neverleave a lightedBunsenburner of hot object unattended.When an objectis removed from the heat & left to cool. it should be placed where it isshielded from contact2.Inflammable liquid bottles should not be left open, not dispensed near a nakedflame, hot electric element orelectric motor.3.Use test tube holders to handle hot laboratory equipments.4.When you are heating something in a container such as a test tube, alwayspoint the open end of the container away from yourself & others.5. Use only Pyrex glasswares for heating.6.Allowhotmaterials to cool before moving them from yourlab station.7.Make sure that Bunsen burner hoses fit tightly.4
4 Laboratory Safety Safety in the Laboratory should always is in your mind. Throughout this manual safety recommendations are given, below are some general consideration that anyone in a laboratory should know. • General laboratory safety precaution. 1. Follow all instructions carefully. Use special care when you see the word CAUTION in your laboratory instructions. Follow the safety instructions given by your teacher. 2. Determine the location of Fire Extinguishers, Chemical safety showers and Eye washers, Chemical Spill Kits, and alternative exit routes for lab evacuation. 3. Remember that smoking, eating, or drinking in the lab room is totally prohibited. 4. Wear lab aprons when working with chemicals, hot material, or preserved specimens. 5. Wear safety goggles when using dangerous chemicals, hot liquids, or burners. 6. Any chemicals spilled on the hands or other parts of the skin should be washed off immediately with a plenty of running water. 7. If you have an open skin wound, be sure that it is covered with a water proof bandage. 8. Never work alone in the laboratory. 9. Keep your work area clean & dry. 10. Turn of all electrical equipment, water, and gas when it is not in use, especially at the end of the laboratory period. 11. Tie back long hair. 12. Report all chemicals spills or fluids to your instructor immediately for proper clean up. • Special precautions for working with heat or fire: 1. Never leave a lighted Bunsen burner of hot object unattended. When an object is removed from the heat & left to cool, it should be placed where it is shielded from contact. 2. Inflammable liquid bottles should not be left open, not dispensed near a naked flame, hot electric element or electric motor. 3. Use test tube holders to handle hot laboratory equipments. 4. When you are heating something in a container such as a test tube, always point the open end of the container away from yourself & others. 5. Use only Pyrex glasswares for heating. 6. Allow hot materials to cool before moving them from your lab station. 7. Make sure that Bunsen burner hoses fit tightly
.Specialprecautionsforworkingwithchemicals1.Never taste or touch substances in the laboratory without specific instructions.2.Never smell substances in thelaboratorywithout specific instructions.3.Use materials only from containers that are properly labeled.4.Washyourhandafterworkingwithchemicals5.Do not add watertoacid.Instead,dilutethe acid by adding it to water.6. Mix heat generating chemicals slowly.Special precautionsfor working with electrical equipment.1.Make sure the area under & around the electrical equipment is dry.2.Never touch electrical equipment with wet hands.3.Make sure the area surrounding the electrical equipment is free of flammablematerials.4.Turn off all power switches before plugging an appliance into an outlet.Special Precaution for working with Glasswares and otherlaboratoryequipments.1.Become familiar with the names and appearance of all the laboratoryequipments you will use.2. Never use broken or chipped glassware.3.Make sure that all glasswares are clean before you using it.4.Do not pick up broken glass with your bare hands. Use a pan and a brush5.If a Mercury thermometer breaks, do not touch the mercury.Notify yourteacherimmediately.6.Do not aim the mirror of your microscope directly at the sun. Direct sun lightcan damage the eyes.7. Use care handling all sharp equipments, such as scalpels and dissectingneedles.Special precautions for working with live or preservedspecimens.1.If live animals areused treat them gently.Follow instructions for their propercare2.Always wash your hands after working with live or preserved organisms.3. Specimens for dissection should be properly mounted and supported. Do nottry to cut a specimen while holding it in the air.4Do not open Petri dishes containing live cultures unless you are directed to doSO.Detergents (detol 5 - 10%) should be used to sterilize and clean benches,5.glassware and equipment.6.Safety cabinet should be used while working with microbes.7.Lab coats should be worn duringthe work in thelab.8.Disposableitems shouldbecollectedandautoclaved5
5 • Special precautions for working with chemicals 1. Never taste or touch substances in the laboratory without specific instructions. 2. Never smell substances in the laboratory without specific instructions. 3. Use materials only from containers that are properly labeled. 4. Wash your hand after working with chemicals. 5. Do not add water to acid. Instead, dilute the acid by adding it to water. 6. Mix heat generating chemicals slowly. • Special precautions for working with electrical equipment. 1. Make sure the area under & around the electrical equipment is dry. 2. Never touch electrical equipment with wet hands. 3. Make sure the area surrounding the electrical equipment is free of flammable materials. 4. Turn off all power switches before plugging an appliance into an outlet. • Special Precaution for working with Glasswares and other laboratory equipments. 1. Become familiar with the names and appearance of all the laboratory equipments you will use. 2. Never use broken or chipped glassware. 3. Make sure that all glasswares are clean before you using it. 4. Do not pick up broken glass with your bare hands. Use a pan and a brush. 5. If a Mercury thermometer breaks, do not touch the mercury. Notify your teacher immediately. 6. Do not aim the mirror of your microscope directly at the sun. Direct sun light can damage the eyes. 7. Use care handling all sharp equipments, such as scalpels and dissecting needles. • Special precautions for working with live or preserved specimens. 1. If live animals are used treat them gently. Follow instructions for their proper care. 2. Always wash your hands after working with live or preserved organisms. 3. Specimens for dissection should be properly mounted and supported. Do not try to cut a specimen while holding it in the air. 4. Do not open Petri dishes containing live cultures unless you are directed to do so. 5. Detergents (detol 5 – 10%) should be used to sterilize and clean benches, glassware and equipment. 6. Safety cabinet should be used while working with microbes. 7. Lab coats should be worn during the work in the lab. 8. Disposable items should be collected and autoclaved